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Define satin. Satin synonyms, satin pronunciation, satin translation, English dictionary definition of satin. A smooth, often silk fabric that is woven with. The highest quality, no elastic, no Velcro, two sided fabric that stays on all night Prevents breakage Save your style & wake up right! • Satin lingerie fuck 4 days ago 15:24,,,,,, • Satin fuck 5 days ago 03:08,,,,, • Hot satin lesbians 5 days ago 02:27,,,,, • Satin girl teasing.mp4 1 month ago 07:03,, • Satin Tammy Lee and Chris.mp4 1 month ago 05:22 • Cfnm glam whore jizzed 2 years ago 10:10,, • Satin rub and oral job 4 years ago 08:38 • Satin 2 7 months ago 04:53, • Cfnm babe gets railed 1 year ago 10:10, • Cuddly Wife In Silk Satin Gown Gets Jizz On Sexy Ass! Illustration of the Devil on 290 of the, dating to the early thirteenth century Satan is a malevolent figure in the who seeks to seduce humans into the ways of falsehood and sin. He is usually seen as a, or a, who used to possess great piety and beauty, but rebelled against out of his own. God allows Satan temporary power over the fallen world, but will throw him into the at the end of the present age. A figure known as 'the satan' first appears in the as a heavenly accuser or, a member of the subordinate to, who acts as a 'Lying Spirit' in mouths of King 's prophets, slaughters 70,000 people as punishment for 's census, tests 's loyalty to Yahweh by forcing him to suffer, and appears in a vision to as the prosecutor against the. During the, possibly due to influence from the figure of, the satan developed into a malevolent entity with abhorrent qualities in to God. In the, Yahweh grants the satan (referred to as ) authority over a to tempt humans to sin and punish them. In the, Satan and is identified as the cause of illness and temptation. Satan is described in the as the 'ruler of the demons' and 'the God of this Age'. In the, Satan appears as a, who is defeated by and cast down from Heaven. He is later bound for, but is briefly set free before being ultimately defeated and cast into the. In, Satan is also known as the and, although the does not mention him, he is often identified with the. Satan's appearance is never described in the Bible, but, since the ninth century, he has sometimes been shown in with horns, cloven hooves, hairy legs, and a tail, often naked and holding a pitchfork, an amalgam of traits derived from various pagan deities including,, and. In, Satan played minimal role in and was used as a figure in. During the, Satan's significance greatly increased as beliefs such as and became more prevalent. During the, belief in the existence of Satan became harshly criticized. Nonetheless, belief in Satan has persisted, particularly in the. In the,, also known as Iblis, is an entity made of fire who was cast out of Heaven because he refused to bow before the newly-created and incites humans and to sin by infecting their minds with waswās ('evil suggestions'). Although Satan is generally viewed as evil, some groups have very different beliefs. In, Satan is considered a deity who is either worshipped or revered. In, Satan is a symbol of virtuous characteristics and liberty. Satan has appeared frequently in, most notably in 's, variants of the legend, 's and, and the poems of. He continues to appear in film, television, and music. Balaam and the Angel (1836). The angel in this incident is referred to as a 'satan'. The original term satan is a generic noun meaning 'accuser' or 'adversary', which is used throughout the Hebrew Bible to refer to ordinary human adversaries, as well as a specific supernatural entity. The word is derived from a verb meaning primarily 'to obstruct, oppose'. When it is used without the definitive article (simply satan), the word can refer to any accuser, but when it is used with the definitive article ( ha-satan), it usually refers specifically to the heavenly accuser: the satan. Ha-Satan with the occurs 13 times in the, in two books of the Hebrew Bible: ch. 1–2 (10×) and 3:1–2 (3×). Satan without the definite article is used in 10 instances, of which two are translated diabolos in the Septuagint and 'Satan' in the (KJV): • 1 21:1, 'Satan stood up against ' (KJV) or 'And there standeth up an adversary against Israel' () •:6b 'and let Satan stand at his right hand' (KJV) or 'let an accuser stand at his right hand.' (, etc.) The word 'satan' does not occur in the, which mentions only a and does not identify the serpent with any supernatural entity. The first occurrence of the word 'satan' in the Hebrew Bible in reference to a supernatural figure comes from, which describes the confronting on his donkey: 'Balaam's departure aroused the wrath of, and the Angel of Yahweh stood in the road as a satan against him.' In, Yahweh sends the 'Angel of Yahweh' to inflict a plague against Israel for three days, as punishment for having taken a census without his approval. Repeats this story, but replaces the 'Angel of Yahweh' with an entity referred to as 'a satan'. Some passages clearly refer to the satan, without using the word itself. Describes the as 'sons of '; the later usage of this word makes it clearly a synonym for 'satan'. In Yahweh sends a 'troubling spirit' to torment King as a mechanism to ingratiate David with the king. In, the prophet describes to King a vision of Yahweh sitting on his throne surrounded by the. Yahweh asks the Host which of them will lead Ahab astray. One unnamed 'spirit' volunteers to be 'a Lying Spirit in the mouth of all his Prophets'. Map showing the expansion of the, in which Jews lived during the early, allowing ideas about to influence the Jewish conception of Satan During the, when Jews were living in the, Judaism was heavily influenced by, the religion of the Achaemenids. Jewish conceptions of Satan were impacted by, the Zoroastrian god of evil, darkness, and ignorance. In the, the Hebrew ha-Satan in Job and is translated by the word diabolos (slanderer), the same word in the from which the English word is derived. Where satan is used to refer to human enemies in the Hebrew Bible, such as and, the word is left untranslated but transliterated in the Greek as satan, a in Greek. The concept of Satan being an opponent of God and a chiefly evil figure among demons seems to have taken root in Jewish during the Second Temple Period, particularly in the apocalypses. The, which the have revealed to have been nearly as popular as the Torah, describes a group of 200 angels known as the ', who are assigned to supervise the earth, but instead abandon their duties and have sexual intercourse with human women. The leader of the Watchers is and another member of the group, known as, spreads sin and corruption among humankind. The Watchers are ultimately sequestered in isolated caves across the earth and are condemned to face judgement at the end of time. The, written in around 150 BC, retells the story of the Watchers' defeat, but, in deviation from the Book of Enoch,, the 'Chief of Spirits', intervenes before they are all sealed away, requesting for Yahweh to let him keep some of them to become his workers. Yahweh acquiesces this request and Mastema uses them to tempt humans into committing more sins, so that he may punish them for their wickedness. Later, Mastema induces Yahweh to test by ordering him to. The, also called the Slavonic Book of Enoch, contains references to a Watcher called Satanael. It is a text of an uncertain date and unknown authorship. The text describes Satanael as being the prince of the Grigori who was cast out of heaven and an evil spirit who knew the difference between what was 'righteous' and 'sinful'. In the, the devil is represented as the being who brought death into the world. The name, which is used in reference to one of the, later became a common name for Satan in Jewish and. Judaism Rabbinical Judaism Most Jews generally do not believe in the existence of a supernatural omnimalevolent figure. Traditionalists and philosophers in adhered to, rejecting any belief in rebel or fallen angels, and viewing as abstract. The Rabbis usually interpreted the word satan as it is used in the Tanakh as referring strictly to human adversaries and rejected all of the Enochian writings mentioning Satan as a literal, heavenly figure from the, making every attempt to root them out. Nonetheless, the word satan has occasionally been metaphorically applied to evil influences, such as the of the ('evil inclination') mentioned in. Rabbinical scholarship on the generally follows the and in identifying 'the satan' from the prologue as a metaphor for the yetzer hara and not an actual entity. Satan is rarely mentioned in literature, but is found in Babylonian. According to a narration, the sound of the, which is primarily intended to remind Jews of the importance of, is also intended symbolically to 'confuse the accuser' (Satan) and prevent him from rendering any to against the Jews. In, the presents Satan as an agent of God whose function is to tempt humans into sinning so that he may accuse them in the heavenly court. The of the 18th century associated ha-Satan with Baal Davar. Modern Judaism Each sect of Judaism has its own interpretation of Satan's identity. Generally tends to reject the Talmudic interpretation of Satan as a metaphor for the yetzer hara and instead regards him as a literal agent of God., on the other hand, outwardly embraces Talmudic teachings on Satan, and involves Satan in religious life far more inclusively than other sects. Satan is mentioned explicitly in some daily prayers, including during and certain post-meal benedictions, as described in and. In, Satan is generally seen in his Talmudic role as a metaphor for the yetzer hara and the symbolic representation of innate human qualities such as selfishness. (1890) by The most common English synonym for 'Satan' is ', which descends from devel, from dēofol, that in turn represents an early borrowing of diabolus (also the source of 'diabolical'). This in turn was borrowed from diabolos ', from diaballein 'to slander': dia- 'across, through' + ballein 'to hurl'. In the New Testament, the words Satan and diabolos are used interchangeably as synonyms., meaning 'Lord of Flies', is the contemptuous name given in the Hebrew Bible and New Testament to a god whose original name has been reconstructed as most probably 'Ba'al Zabul', meaning ' the Prince'. The identify Satan and Beelzebub as the same. The name (meaning 'place of destruction') is used six times in the Old Testament, mainly as a name for one the regions of. Describes Abaddon, whose name is translated into Greek as Apollyon, meaning 'the destroyer', as an angel who rules the. In modern usage, Abaddon is sometimes equated with Satan. The name Heylel, meaning 'morning star', was the name of a figure in, who attempted to scale the walls of the heavenly city, but was vanquished by the. The name is used in in metaphorical reference to the king of Babylon. Later tradition reinterpreted this passage as a reference to the fall of Satan. The Latin translation of this passage renders Heylel as ' and this name continues to be used by some Christians as an alternative name for Satan. In a similar vein,, a passage about a which is primarily a polemic against, the king of Tyre, has also been interpreted by some Christians as simultaneously metaphorically alluding to the fall of Satan. New Testament Gospels, Acts, and epistles. The three Synoptic Gospels all describe the by Satan in the desert (,, and ). Satan first shows Jesus a stone and tells him to turn it into bread. He also takes him to the pinnacle of the in Jerusalem and commands Jesus to throw himself down so that the angels will catch him. Satan takes Jesus to the top of a tall mountain as well; there, he shows him the kingdoms of the earth and promises to give them all to him if he will bow down and worship him. Each time Jesus rebukes Satan and, after the third temptation, he is administered by the angels. Satan's promise in and to give Jesus all the kingdoms of the earth implies that all those kingdoms belong to him. The fact that Jesus does not dispute Satan's promise indicates that the authors of those gospels believed this to be true. Satan plays a role in some of the, namely the, the,, and the. According to the Parable of the Sower, Satan 'profoundly influences' those who fail to understand the gospel. The latter two parables say that Satan's followers will be punished on, with the Parable of the Sheep and the Goats stating that the Devil, his angels, and the people who follow him will be consigned to 'eternal fire'. When the accused Jesus of exorcising demons through the power of Beelzebub, Jesus responds by telling the Parable of the Strongman, saying: 'how can someone enter a strong man's house and plunder his goods, unless he first binds the strong man? Then indeed he may plunder his house' (). The strong man in this parable represents Satan. The Synoptic Gospels identify Satan and his demons as the causes of illness, including (), (), and (), while the describes the Devil as 'him who holds the power of death' (). The author of attributes more power to Satan than both Matthew and Mark. In, Jesus grants Satan the authority to test and the other. States that betrayed Jesus because 'Satan entered' him and, in, Peter describes Satan as 'filling' 's heart and causing him to sin. The only uses the name Satan three times. Accuses the Jews of being the children of the Devil rather than the children of Abraham; the same verse describes the Devil as 'a man-killer from the beginning' and 'a liar and the father of lying.' Describes the Devil as inspiring Judas to betray Jesus and identifies Satan as 'the of this Cosmos', who is destined to be overthrown through Jesus's death and resurrection. Promises that the will 'accuse the World concerning sin, justice, and judgement', a role resembling that of the satan in the Old Testament. Refers to a dispute between and the Devil over the body of. Some interpreters understand this reference to be an allusion to the events described in. The classical theologian attributes this reference to the non-canonical. According to, there is no evidence the surviving book of this name ever contained any such content. Others believe it to be in the lost ending of the book. Throughout the New Testament, Satan is referred to as a 'tempter' (), 'the ruler of the demons' (), 'the God of this Age' (), 'the evil one' (), and 'a roaring lion' (). Book of Revelation. (1518) by, depicting Satan being cast out of heaven by, as described in The represents Satan as the supernatural ruler of the and the ultimate cause of all evil in the world. In, as part of the letter to the church at, refers to the Jews of Smyrna as 'a synagogue of Satan' and warns that 'the Devil is about to cast some of you into prison as a test [ peirasmos], and for ten days you will have affliction.' In, in the letter to the church of, John warns that Satan lives among the members of the congregation and declares that 'Satan's throne' is in their midst. Pergamum was the capital of the and 'Satan's throne' may be referring to the monumental in the city, which was dedicated to the Greek god, or to a temple dedicated to the Roman emperor. Describes a vision of a with seven heads, ten horns, seven crowns, and a massive tail, an image which is clearly inspired by the vision of the in the and the described in various Old Testament passages. The Great Red Dragon knocks 'a third of the sun. A third of the moon, and a third of the stars' out the sky and pursues the. Michael and his angels fought against Dragon. Dragon and his angels fought back, but they were defeated, and there was no longer any place for them in Heaven. Dragon the Great was thrown down, that ancient serpent who is called Devil and Satan, the one deceiving the whole inhabited World - he was thrown down to earth and his angels were thrown down with him.' Then a voice booms down from Heaven heralding the defeat of 'the Accuser' ( ho Kantegor), identifying the Satan of Revelation with the satan of the Old Testament. Despite the fact that the Book of Genesis never mentions Satan, Christians have traditionally interpreted the serpent in the as Satan due to, which calls Satan 'that ancient serpent'. This verse, however, is probably intended to identify Satan with the, a monstrous sea-serpent whose destruction by Yahweh is prophesized in. The first recorded individual to identify Satan with the serpent from the Garden of Eden was the second-century AD Christian apologist, in chapters 45 and 79 of his. Other early to mention this identification include and. In, Satan is bound with a great chain and hurled into the, where he is imprisoned. Then, in, he is set free and gathers his armies along with to wage war against the righteous, but is defeated with fire from Heaven and is cast into the. After the New Testament Theology. For most Christians, Satan is believed to be an angel who rebelled against. The early Christian church encountered opposition from pagans such as, who claimed that 'it is blasphemy.to say that the greatest God.has an adversary who constrains his capacity to do good' and said that Christians 'impiously divide the kingdom of God, creating a rebellion in it, as if there were opposing factions within the divine, including one that is hostile to God'. According to the, which was popular among early Christian theologians, Satan gained power over humanity through 's sin and was a ransom to Satan in exchange for humanity's liberation. This theory holds that Satan was tricked by God because Christ was not only free of sin, but also the incarnate Deity, whom Satan lacked the ability to enslave. Described a form of the ransom theory, but the church father was the first to propose it in its fully developed form. The theory was later expanded by theologians such as and. In the eleventh century, criticized the ransom theory, along with the associated theory, resulting in the theory's decline in western Europe. The theory has nonetheless retained some of its popularity in the. Satan had minimal role in, but he frequently appeared as a recurring comedic in late medieval, in which he was portrayed as a figure who 'frolicked, fell, and farted in the background'. Describes the medieval conception of Satan as 'more pathetic and repulsive than terrifying' and he was seen as little more than a nuisance to God's overarching plan. During the, Christians became gradually began to regard Satan as increasingly powerful and the fear of Satan's power became a dominant aspect of the worldview of Christians across Europe. During the, taught that, rather than trying to argue with Satan, Christians should avoid temptation altogether by seeking out pleasant company; Luther especially recommended music as a safeguard against temptation, since the Devil 'cannot endure.' Repeated a maxim from that 'Man is like a horse, with either God or the devil as rider.' (1848) by The early English settlers of North America, especially the of, believed that Satan 'visibly and palpably' reigned in the and claimed that the Devil made rebellious Puritan women give birth to monsters with claws, sharp horns, and 'on each foot three claws, like a young fowl.' Wrote that devils swarmed around Puritan settlements 'like the '. The Puritans believed that the were worshippers of Satan and described them as 'children of the Devil'. Some settlers claimed to have seen Satan himself appear in the flesh at native ceremonies. During the, the ' preachers portrayed their 'old light' critics as ministers of Satan. By the time of the, Satan's primary role in was as the opponent of the evangelical movement itself, who spent most of his time trying to hinder the ministries of evangelical preachers, a role he has largely retained among present-day. Developed its own views on Satan. According to the, the Devil offered to be the redeemer of mankind for the sake of his own glory. Conversely, Jesus offered to be the redeemer of mankind so that his father's will would be done. After his offer was rejected, Satan became rebellious and was subsequently cast out of heaven. In the Book of Moses, is said to have 'loved Satan more than God' and conspired with Satan to kill. It was through this pact that Cain became a. The Book of Moses also says that was tempted by Satan before calling upon the name of the 'Only ', which caused Satan to depart. Asserts that this text 'reflects' the temptation of Jesus in the Bible. Belief in Satan and in demonic possession is still strong among Christians in the and in. According to a poll conducted by in 2013, fifty-seven percent of people in the United States believe in a literal Devil, compared to eighteen percent of people in. Fifty-one percent of Americans believe that Satan has the power to possess people. Scott Poole, author of Satan in America: The Devil We Know, has opined that 'In the United States over the last forty to fifty years, a composite image of Satan has emerged that borrows from both popular culture and theological sources' and that most American Christians do not 'separate what they know [about Satan] from the movies from what they know from various ecclesiastical and theological traditions.' The Catholic Church generally played down Satan and exorcism during late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, but brought renewed focus on the Devil in the early 2010s, stating, among many other pronouncements, that 'The devil is intelligent, he knows more theology than all the theologians together.' According to the, tends to view Satan 'as a [figurative] mythological attempt to express the reality and extent of evil in the universe, existing outside and apart from humanity but profoundly influencing the human sphere.' Describes multiple traditions detailing the relationship between the and Satan. In the dualist approach, Satan will become incarnate in the Antichrist, just as. However, in thought, this view is problematic because it is too similar to Christ's incarnation. Instead, the 'indwelling' view has become more accepted, which stipulates that the Antichrist is a human figure inhabited by Satan, since the latter's power is not to be seen as equivalent to God's. Ancient showing a horned, goat-legged holding a. Much of Satan's traditional iconography is apparently derived from Pan. Satan's appearance is never described in the Bible or any early Christian writings, though wrote that 'Satan disguises himself as an angel of light' (). The Devil was never shown in and first appears in of the ninth century, where he is shown with cloven hooves, hairy legs, the tail of a goat, pointed ears, a beard, a flat nose, and a set of horns. In the, Jesus separates sheep (representing the saved) from goats (representing the damned). It is through this biblical passage that the Devil became associated with goats. Medieval Christians were known to adapt previously existing pagan iconography to suit depictions of Christian figures. Much of Satan's traditional iconography is apparently derived from, a rustic, goat-legged fertility god in. Early Christian writers such as equated the Greek and the Roman, whom Pan resembled, with demons. The Devil's pitchfork appears to have been adapted from the wielded by the Greek god and Satan's flame-like hair seems to have originated from the Egyptian god. By the, Satan and devils appear in all works of Christian art: in paintings, sculptures, and on cathedrals. Satan is usually depicted naked, but his genitals are rarely shown and are often covered by animal furs. Some Christians associate Satan with the number, which describes as the. However, mentioned in Revelation 13 is not Satan, and the use of 666 in the Book of Revelation has been interpreted as a reference to the Roman Emperor, as 666 is the numeric value of his name in Hebrew. Demonic possession and witchcraft Most firmly believed that Satan and his demons had the power to possess humans and were widely practiced by Jews, Christians, and pagans alike. Belief in continued through the into the. Exorcisms were seen as a display of God's power over Satan. The vast majority of people who thought they were possessed by the Devil did not suffer from hallucinations or other 'spectacular symptoms', but 'complained of anxiety, religious fears, and evil thoughts.' The, written in the eleventh century AD, condemns belief in as heretical, but also documents that many people at the time apparently believed in it. Witches were believed to, consort with demons, perform in ' in the forests, murder human infants and eat them as part of Satanic rites, and engage in with demons. In 1326, issued the papal bull Super illius Specula, which condemned folk divination practices as consultation with Satan. By the 1430s, the Catholic Church began to regard witchcraft as part of a led by Satan himself. In the late fifteenth century, a series of witchcraft panics erupted in France and Germany. In the mid-sixteenth century, the panic spread to England and Switzerland. Both Protestants and Catholics alike firmly believed in witchcraft as a real phenomenon and supported its prosecution. In the late 1500s, the Dutch demonologist argued in his treatise that witchcraft did not exist, but that Satan promoted belief in it to lead Christians astray. The panic over witchcraft intensified in the 1620s and continued until the end of the 1600s. Brian Levack estimates that around 60,000 people were executed for witchcraft during the entire span of the witchcraft hysteria. By the early 1600s, skeptics, including the English author and the Anglican bishop, had begun to criticize the belief that demons still had the power to possess people. This skepticism was bolstered by the belief that only occurred during the, which had long since ended. Later, thinkers, such as,, and, attacked the notion of Satan's existence altogether. Voltaire labelled John Milton's Paradise Lost a 'disgusting fantasy' and declared that belief in Hell and Satan were among the many lies propagated by the Catholic Church to keep humanity enslaved. See also: The equivalent of the word Satan is (شيطان, from the root šṭn شطن). The word itself is an (meaning 'astray' or 'distant', sometimes translated as 'devil') that can be applied to both ('al-ins', الإنس) and (الجن), but it is also used in reference to Satan in particular. In the, Satan's name is ( Arabic pronunciation: ), a derivative of the Greek word diabolos. Muslims do not regard Satan as the cause of evil, but as a tempter, who takes advantage of humans' inclinations toward self-centeredness. Illustration from an Arabic manuscript of the showing Iblis refusing to prostrate before the newly-created Adam Seven in the Quran describe how ordered all the and Iblis to bow before the newly-created. All the angels bowed, but Iblis refused, claiming to be superior to Adam because he was made from fire; whereas Adam was made from clay (). Consequently, God expelled him from. Iblis thereafter became a, 'an ungrateful disbeliever', whose sole mission is to lead humanity astray. God allows Iblis to do this, because He knows that the righteous will be able to resist Iblis's attempts to misguide them. On, Satan will be thrown into the fires of, along with all his followers. After his banishment from Paradise, Iblis, who thereafter became known as Al-Shaitan ('the Demon'), lured into eating the fruit from the. The primary characteristic of Satan, aside from his and, is that his only power is the ability to cast evil suggestions ( waswās) into the hearts of men and women. States that Satan has no influence over the righteous, but that those who fall in error are under his power. Implies that those who obey God's laws are immune to the temptations of Satan. Warns that Satan tries to keep Muslims from reading the Quran and recommends reciting the Quran as an antidote against Satan. Refers to Satan as the enemy of humanity and forbids humans from worshipping him. In the Quranic retelling of the story of, Job knows that Satan is the one tormenting him. Islamic tradition. Illustration ( c. 1522) of Iblis from a manuscript of the Affiliation In the Quran, Satan is apparently an angel, but, in, he is described as 'from the jinns'. This, combined with the fact that he describes himself as having been made from fire, posed a major problem for, who disagree on whether Satan is a fallen angel or the leader of a group of evil jinn. According to a hadith from, Iblis was actually an angel whom God created out of fire. Ibn Abbas asserts that the word jinn could be applied to earthly jinn, but also to 'fiery angels' like Satan., an eminent Muslim theologian who lived in the seventh century AD, was quoted as saying: 'Iblis was not an angel even for the time of an eye wink. He is the origin of Jinn as Adam is of Mankind.' The medieval Persian scholar states that the words angels and jinn are synonyms. Another Persian scholar,, instead argues that Satan hoped to be an angel, but that his actions made him a jinn. Other Islamic scholars argue that Satan was a jinn who was admitted into Paradise as a reward for his righteousness and, unlike the angels, was given the choice to obey or disobey God. When he was expelled from Paradise, Satan blamed humanity for his punishment. Concering the fiery origin of Iblis, asserts all supernatural creatures originated from fire but the angels from its light and the jinn from its blaze, thus fire denotes a disembodiment origin of all spiritual entities. The Muslim historian, who died in around 923 AD, writes that, before Adam was created, earthly jinn made of smokeless fire roamed the earth and spread corruption upon it. He further relates that Iblis was originally an angel named Azazil or Al-Harith, who was sent by God to confront the earthly jinn. Azazil defeated the jinn in battle and drove them into the mountains, but he became convinced that he was superior to humans and all the other angels, leading to his downfall. In this account, Azazil was a member of a group of angels who were called jinn because they guarded (Paradise). In another tradition recorded by Al-Tabari, Satan was one of the earthly jinn, who was taken captive by the angels and brought to Heaven as a prisoner. God appointed him as judge over the other jinn and he became known as Al-Hakam. He fulfilled his duty for a thousand years before growing negligent, but was rehabilitated again and resumed his position until his refusal to bow before Adam. Other traditions. A stoning of the Devil from 1942 During the first two centuries of Islam, Muslims almost unanimously accepted the historicity of a tradition known as the. According to this narrative, was told by Satan to add words to the Quran which would allow Muslims to pray for the intercession of pagan goddesses. He mistook the words of Satan for. Modern Muslims almost universally reject this story as heretical, as it calls the integrity of the Quran into question. On the third day of the, Muslim pilgrims to throw seven stones at a pillar known as the Jamrah al-’Aqabah, symbolizing the. This ritual is based on the Islamic tradition that, when God ordered to sacrifice his son, Satan tempted him three times not to do it, and, each time, Abraham responded by throwing seven stones at him. The teach that newborn babies cry because Satan touches them while the are being born, and that this touch causes people to have an aptitude for sin. This doctrine bears some similarities to the doctrine of. Muslim tradition holds that only and were not touched by Satan at birth, and that Muhammad was. However, when Muhammad was a boy, an angel literally opened his heart and removed a black that symbolized sin. 's image of is embraced by as a symbol of duality, fertility, and the 'powers of darkness', serving as the namesake of their primary insignia, the. Within Satanism, two major trends exist, and, both having different views regarding the essence of Satan. Theistic Satanism Theistic Satanism, commonly referred to as 'devil worship', holds the view that Satan is an actual or a force to revere or worship, whom individuals may contact and supplicate to. It consists of loosely affiliated or independent groups and cabals, which all agree that Satan is a real entity. Atheistic Satanism Atheistic Satanism, most commonly referred to as, holds that Satan does not exist as a literal anthropomorphic entity, but rather as a of a which Satanists perceive to be permeated and motivated by a force that has been given many names by humans over the course of time. In this religion, 'Satan' is not viewed or depicted as a hubristic, irrational, and fraudulent creature, but rather is revered with -like attributes, symbolizing liberty and individual empowerment. To adherents, he also serves as a conceptual framework and an external metaphorical projection of the Satanist's highest personal potential. In his essay 'Satanism: The Feared Religion', the current High Priest of the Church of Satan,, further expounds that '.Satan is a symbol of Man living as his prideful, carnal nature dictates. The reality behind Satan is simply the dark evolutionary force of that permeates all of nature and provides the drive for survival and propagation inherent in all living things. Satan is not a conscious entity to be worshiped, rather a reservoir of power inside each human to be tapped at will'. LaVeyan Satanists embrace the original etymological meaning of the word 'Satan' (: שָּׂטָן satan, meaning 'adversary'). According to Peter H. Gilmore, 'The Church of Satan has chosen Satan as its primary symbol because in Hebrew it means adversary, opposer, one to accuse or question. We see ourselves as being these Satans; the adversaries, opposers and accusers of all spiritual belief systems that would try to hamper enjoyment of our life as a human being.' Allegations of worship. A depiction of. The main deity in the tentatively pantheon of the,, is similar to the devil in Christian and Islamic traditions, as he refused to bow down before humanity. Therefore and often consider Melek Taus to be Satan. However, rather than being Satanic, Yazidism can be understood as a remnant of a pre-Islamic Indo-European religion, and/or a movement founded. In fact, there is no entity in Yazidism which represents evil in opposition to God; such is rejected by Yazidis. In the, the, practitioners of a religion, were accused of worshipping Satan by the. Stated in his work that the Cathars believed that God had erred in casting out of heaven and that Lucifer would return to reward his faithful. On the other hand, according to Catharism, the of the material world worshipped by the Catholic Church is actually Satan. Is a modern, religion, whose practitioners many Christians have incorrectly assumed to worship Satan. In actuality, Wiccans do not believe in the existence of Satan or any analogous figure and have repeatedly and emphatically rejected the notion that they venerate such an entity. The cult of the skeletal figure of, which has grown exponentially in Mexico, has been denounced by the Catholic Church as Devil-worship. However, devotees of Santa Muerte view her as an created by God, and many of them identify as Catholic. Much modern folklore about Satanism does not originate from the actual beliefs or practices of theistic or atheistic Satanists, but rather from a mixture of medieval Christian folk beliefs, political or sociological conspiracy theories, and contemporary. An example is the scare of the 1980s — beginning with the memoir — which depicted Satanism as a vast of elites with a predilection for and. This genre frequently describes Satan as physically incarnating in order to receive worship. See also: and In art and literature “ If he was once as handsome as he now is ugly and, despite that, raised his brows against his Maker, one can understand, how every sorrow has its source in him! ” — in, Canto XXXIV (Verse translation by ) “ Here we may reign secure, and in my choice to reign is worth ambition though in Hell: Better to reign in Hell, than serve in Heaven. ” — Satan in 's Book I, lines 261-263 In 's, appears as a giant demon, frozen mid-breast in ice at the center of the. Satan has three faces and a pair of bat-like wings affixed under each chin. In his three mouths, Satan gnaws on, Judas Iscariot, and, whom Dante regarded as having betrayed the 'two greatest heroes of the human race':, the founder of the new order of government, and Jesus, the founder of the new order of religion. As Satan beats his wings, he creates a cold wind that continues to freeze the ice surrounding him and the other sinners in the Ninth Circle. Dante and climb up Satan's shaggy legs until gravity is reversed and they fall through the earth into the southern hemisphere. Satan appears in several stories from by, including ', in which a arrives in Hell and sees no other friars, but is told there are millions. Then Satan lifts his tail to reveal that all of the friars live inside his anus. Chaucer's description of Satan's appearance is clearly based on Dante's. The legend of, recorded in the 1589 chapbook, concerns a pact allegedly made by the German scholar with a demon named agreeing in exchange for twenty-four years of earthly pleasure. This chapbook later became the source for 's famous play. 's features Satan as its main protagonist. Milton portrays Satan as a tragic destroyed by his own. The poem, which draws extensive inspiration from, recreates Satan as a complex literary character, who dares to rebel against the 'tyranny' of God, in spite of God's own. The English poet and painter famously quipped that 'The reason Milton wrote in fetters when he wrote of Angels & God, and at liberty when of Devils & Hell, is because he was a true poet and of the Devils party without knowing it.' , the sequel to Paradise Lost, is a retelling of Satan's temptation of Jesus in the desert. William Blake regarded Satan as a model of against and features him in many of his poems and illustrations, including his 1780 book, in which Satan is celebrated as the ultimate rebel, the incarnation of human emotion and the epitome of freedom from all forms of and. Based on the Biblical passages portraying Satan as the accuser of sin, Blake interpreted Satan as 'a promulgator of moral laws.' (1896) The Devil is depicted as a in ' (1896), which is often considered the first. So-called 'Black Masses' have been portrayed in sensationalist since the 1960s. One of the first films to portray such a ritual was the 1965 film, also known as 13., a former black magician, served as a consultant on the film to ensure that the rituals portrayed in it were depicted accurately. Over the next thirty years, the novels of and the films of both played a major role in shaping the popular image of Satanism. 's, a 1967 novel about a woman impregnated by Satan who gives birth to a child with horns, and the, directed by, made Satanic themes a staple of mainstream. Later films such as (1973), franchise (1976-2006), (1987), and (1997) featured Satan as an antagonist. In the early twenty-first century, Satan began to receive more sympathetic television portrayals in shows such as (2005-present), where he is evil but sympathetic, and (2016-present), where he serves as a consultant for the. Tartini's Dream (1824) by References to Satan in music can be dated back to the Middle Ages. During the fifth century, a musical interval called the became known as 'the devil in Music' and was banned by the Catholic Church. Was inspired to write his most famous work, the, also known as 'The Devil's Trill', after dreaming of the Devil playing the violin. Tartini claimed that the sonata was a lesser imitation of what the Devil had played in his dream. Was believed to have derived his musical talent from a deal with the Devil. 's features a narrative that involves Satan. In the early 1900s, and became known as the 'Devil's Music' as they were considered 'dangerous and unholy'. According to legend, blues musician was a terrible guitarist before exchanging his soul to the Devil for a guitar. Afterwards, Johnson was a master musician. This narrative was later applied to another blues musician,, who bore no relation to Tommy Johnson. 's Tom Watson wrote that 'this tale [about Robert Johnson] tells us more about the conservative superstitions of a predominantly white Christian populace in the 1920s than an artist’s allegiance to Satan.' The allegedly section of 's ' played in reverse Problems playing this file? Through the teachings of, founder of the Church of Satan and author of, Satanic symbolism began to appear in by the 1960s. Assumes the role of Lucifer in ' ' (1968), while portrayed the Devil in numerous songs, including ' (1970) and ' (1970). 's ' (1971) allegedly features the message 'Here’s to my sweet SatanHe will give those with him '. ' (1979) by the reached number three on the; the song is about Satan trying to gain the soul of a young man named Johnny. Norwegian band was co-founded by, a Theistic Satanist. Take a look to the official track list of the soundtrack of Perfect Sisters, the drama movie directed by Stanley M. Brooks and starring Abigail Breslin and Georgie Henley as two matricidal sisters: Perfect Sisters Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Various artists. Linda Andersen Anne Margaret Lebensztejn Karubin (April 15, 1959 – January 18, 2003) was the victim of premeditated murder by her two teenage daughters, Sandra and. Based on a real-life incident, two sisters manage to cover up the murder of their mother but their story unravels when they tell their friends. Watch trailers & learn. Perfect Sisters (released in the UK as Deadly Sisters) is a 2014 Canadian crime drama film directed by Stanley M. It stars Abigail Breslin and Georgie Henley. AM/FM Sound – Matt & Kim 2. Honey Don’t – Johnzo West 3. Guilty Filthy Soul – AWOLNATION 4. WTF – Hyper Crush 6. A Dedication – Washed Out 7. The Worst Part/Auld Lang Syne – Abigail Breslin & Cassidy Reiff 8. Noise – Gemma Hayes 9. Running Out – Carmen Rizzo 10. Surveillance – Carmen Rizzo 11. All Is Forgiven – Carmen Rizzo ft. Kate Havnevik 12. The Space Left Behind – Carmen Rizzo. Finished the regular season with 101 tackles (70 solo) and one interception in 11 games. It was the same old story for the extremely talented but fragile veteran. Lee was an IDP dynamo when he was on the field, but he's missed multiple games due to injury in six of his eight seasons -- including the entire 2014 campaign. The 31-year-old will return to his weak-side LB role in 2018, but the have to hope that Jaylon Smith or someone else can begin to emerge to eventually replace Lee as the heart and soul of their defense. Finished the regular season with 81 tackles (50 solo), two passes defended, two forced fumbles and a sack in 16 games. While he had his ups and down as a rookie, it's still impressive that he was able to suit up for all 16 games given that he missed the entire 2016 campaign recovering from the catastrophic knee injury that ended his college career at Notre Dame. View the latest Dallas Cowboys news, scores, schedule, stats, roster, standings, players, fantasy leaders, rumors, videos, photos, injuries, transactions and more. Starting middle linebacker Anthony Hitchens is a free agent, and if Hitchens heads elsewhere Smith could enter 2018 atop the depth chart at the position, a spot that would provide him with some intriguing IDP upside -- especially if he regains more of the elite athleticism he flashed in college with further rehab. Finished the regular season with a career-high 84 tackles (55 solo), two passes defended and a forced fumble in 12 games. Despite missing the first four games of the season with a knee injury, Hitchens still put together a strong campaign as the ' middle linebacker. He'll be a free agent in the offseason and it's unclear at this point how much effort the team will put into trying to bring him back, as players like DeMarcus Lawrence will be bigger priorities to re-sign and Jaylon Smith could be ready to step into a starting role in 2018, but wherever Hitchens lands he should be a tackling machine, although his minimal contributions in other categories put him on the fringe of IDP utility. Finished the regular season with six catches on seven targets for 41 yards, five rushing yards on four carries, and 856 return yards including a punt return for a touchdown. The rookie wide receiver didn't get much of a chance to contribute on offense, but he improved as a kick returner as the season progressed, with his Week 13 punt return TD against Washington standing as the highlight of his campaign. As long as Cole Beasley is a Cowboy, Switzer likely won't see much action as a slot receiver, but he should enter 2018 as the team's primary return man. Cowboys portrayed in western art. The Herd Quitter by A cowboy is an animal who tends on in, traditionally on horseback, and often performs a multitude of other ranch-related tasks. The historic American cowboy of the late 19th century arose from the traditions of northern and became a figure of special significance and legend. A subtype, called a, specifically tends the used to work cattle. In addition to ranch work, some cowboys work for or participate in. Cowgirls, first defined as such in the late 19th century, had a less-well documented historical role, but in the modern world have established the ability to work at virtually identical tasks and obtained considerable respect for their achievements. There are also cattle handlers in many other parts of the world, particularly and, who perform work similar to the cowboy in their respective nations. The cowboy has deep historic roots tracing back to and the earliest European settlers of the. Over the centuries, differences in terrain, climate and the influence of cattle-handling traditions from multiple cultures created several distinct styles of equipment, clothing and animal handling. As the ever-practical cowboy adapted to the modern world, the cowboy's equipment and techniques also adapted to some degree, though many classic traditions are still preserved today. 'King of the Plains' postcard, 1898–1924 The English word cowboy has an origin from several earlier terms that referred to both age and to cattle or cattle-tending work. The word 'cowboy' appeared in the English language by 1725. It appears to be a direct English translation of vaquero, a Spanish word for an individual who managed cattle while mounted on horseback. It was derived from vaca, meaning 'cow,' which came from the word vacca. Another English word for a cowboy, buckaroo, is an of vaquero. Originally, the term may have been intended literally—'a boy who tends cows.' By 1849 it had developed its modern sense as an adult cattle handler of the American West. Variations on the word 'cowboy' appeared later. 'Cowhand' appeared in 1852, and 'cowpoke' in 1881, originally restricted to the individuals who prodded cattle with long poles to load them onto railroad cars for shipping. Names for a cowboy in American English include buckaroo, cowpoke, cowhand, and cowpuncher. 'Cowboy' is a term common throughout the west and particularly in the and, 'Buckaroo' is used primarily in the and, and 'cowpuncher' mostly in and surrounding states. The word cowboy also had English language roots beyond simply being a translation from Spanish. Originally, the word 'cowherd' was used to describe a cattle herder, (similar to 'shepherd,' a sheep herder) and often referred to a preadolescent or early adolescent boy, who usually worked on foot. ( required skills and an investment in horses and equipment rarely available to or entrusted to a child, though in some cultures boys rode a while going to and from pasture) This word is very old in the English language, originating prior to the year 1000. In, herding of sheep, cattle and goats was often the job of, and still is a task for young people in various cultures. Because of the time and physical ability needed to develop necessary skills, the cowboy often began his career as an adolescent, earning wages as soon as he had enough skill to be hired, (often as young as 12 or 13) and who, if not crippled by injury, might handle cattle or horses for the rest of his working life. In the United States, a few women also took on the tasks of ranching and learned the necessary skills, though the 'cowgirl' (discussed below) did not become widely recognized or acknowledged until the close of the 19th century. On western ranches today, the working cowboy is usually an adult. Responsibility for herding cattle or other livestock is no longer considered a job suitable for children or early adolescents. However, both boys and girls growing up in a environment often learn to ride and perform basic ranch skills as soon as they are physically able, usually under adult supervision. Such youths, by their late teens, are often given responsibilities for 'cowboy' work on the ranch. Other historic word uses The term 'cowboy' was used during the to describe American fighters who opposed the movement for independence., an outlaw identified with the cause, was referred to as the 'Cow-boy of the Ramapos' due to his penchant for stealing oxen, cattle and horses from colonists and giving them to the British. In the same period, a number of bands operated in, which marked the dividing line between the British and American forces. These groups were made up of local farmhands who would ambush convoys and carry out raids on both sides. There were two separate groups: the 'skinners' fought for the pro-independence side; the 'cowboys' supported the British. In the area in the 1880s, the term 'Cowboy' or 'cow-boy' was used pejoratively to describe men who had been implicated in various crimes. One loosely organized band was dubbed 'The Cowboys,' and profited from smuggling cattle, alcohol, and tobacco across the U.S./Mexico border. The San Francisco Examiner wrote in an editorial, 'Cowboys [are] the most reckless class of outlaws in that wild country. Infinitely worse than the ordinary robber.' It became an insult in the area to call someone a 'cowboy,' as it suggested he was a horse thief, robber, or outlaw. Cattlemen were generally called herders or ranchers. The Cowboys' activities ultimately ended with the and the resulting. History The origins of the cowboy tradition come from, beginning with the system of. This style of cattle spread throughout much of the and later, was imported to the. Both regions possessed a dry climate with sparse grass, and thus large herds of cattle required vast amounts of land in order to obtain sufficient. The need to cover distances greater than a person on foot could manage gave rise to the development of the horseback-mounted vaquero. Spanish roots. 18th century in colonial Mexico Various aspects of the Spanish tradition can be traced back to, including elements such as the use of, the riding style characterized by a shorter, solid-treed and use of, the heavy or, (Arabic šakīma, Spanish jaquima) and other horse-related equipment and techniques. Certain aspects of the Arabic tradition, such as the hackamore, can in turn be traced to roots in. During the 16th century, the and other Spanish settlers brought their cattle-raising traditions as well as both and domesticated to the, starting with their arrival in what today is and. The traditions of were transformed by the geographic, environmental and cultural circumstances of, which later became and the. In turn, the land and people of the Americas also saw dramatic changes due to Spanish influence. The arrival of horses was particularly significant, as had been in the Americas since the end of the prehistoric. However, horses quickly multiplied in America and became crucial to the success of the Spanish and later settlers from other nations. The earliest horses were originally of, and ancestry, but a number of uniquely American developed in North and South America through selective breeding and by of animals that escaped to the wild. The and other are now called 'wild,' but in reality are —descendants of domesticated animals. An 1898 of a round-up in Large numbers of lived in a semi-, or semi-wild state on the and were left to graze, mostly untended, for much of the year. In many cases, different ranchers formed 'associations' and grazed their cattle together on the same range. In order to determine the ownership of individual animals, they were marked with a distinctive, applied with a hot iron, usually while the cattle were still young. The primary cattle breed seen on the open range was the, descended from the original Spanish Longhorns imported in the 16th century, though by the late 19th century, other breeds of cattle were also brought west, including the meatier, and often were with Longhorns. In order to find young calves for branding, and to sort out mature animals intended for sale, ranchers would hold a, usually in the spring. A roundup required a number of specialized skills on the part of both cowboys and horses. Individuals who separated cattle from the herd required the highest level of skill and rode specially trained ' horses, trained to follow the movements of cattle, capable of stopping and turning faster than other horses. Once cattle were sorted, most cowboys were required to rope young calves and restrain them to be branded and (in the case of most calves). Occasionally it was also necessary to restrain older cattle for branding or other treatment. A large number of horses were needed for a roundup. Each cowboy would require three to four fresh horses in the course of a day's work. Horses themselves were also rounded up. It was common practice in the west for young to be born of tame, but allowed to grow up 'wild' in a semi-feral state on the open range. There were also 'wild' herds, often known as. Both types were rounded up, and the mature animals tamed, a process called, or '-busting,' ( var. 'bronc busting') usually performed by cowboys who specialized in training horses. In some cases, extremely brutal methods were used to tame horses, and such animals tended to never be completely reliable. However, other cowboys became aware of the need to treat animals in a more humane fashion and modified their methods, often re-learning techniques used by the vaqueros, particularly those of the Californio tradition. Horses trained in a gentler fashion were more reliable and useful for a wider variety of tasks. Informal competition arose between cowboys seeking to test their cattle and horse-handling skills against one another, and thus, from the necessary tasks of the working cowboy, the sport of developed. Cattle drives. Cattle roundup near, circa 1890 Prior to the mid-19th century, most ranchers primarily raised cattle for their own needs and to sell surplus meat and hides locally. There was also a limited market for hides, horns, hooves, and in assorted manufacturing processes. While Texas contained vast herds of stray, free-ranging cattle available for free to anyone who could round them up, prior to 1865, there was little demand for beef. However, at the end of the, opened a meat packing plant in, which became known as. With the expansion of the, the demand for beef increased significantly. By 1866, cattle could be sold to northern markets for as much as $40 per head, making it potentially profitable for cattle, particularly from Texas, to be herded long distances to market. The first large-scale effort to drive cattle from Texas to the nearest railhead for shipment to Chicago occurred in 1866, when many Texas ranchers banded together to drive their cattle to the closest point that railroad tracks reached, which at that time was in Sedalia, Missouri. However, farmers in eastern Kansas, afraid that Longhorns would transmit cattle fever to local animals as well as trample crops, formed groups that threatened to beat or shoot cattlemen found on their lands. Therefore, the 1866 drive failed to reach the railroad, and the cattle herds were sold for low prices. However, in 1867, a cattle shipping facility was built west of farm country around the railhead at, and became a center of cattle shipping, loading over 36,000 head of cattle that year. The route from Texas to Abilene became known as the, after, who marked out the route. It ran through present-day, which then was. Later, other trails forked off to different railheads, including those at and. By 1877, the largest of the cattle-shipping boom towns, Dodge City, Kansas, shipped out 500,000 head of cattle. Cattle drives had to strike a balance between speed and the weight of the cattle. While cattle could be driven as far as 25 miles in a single day, they would lose so much weight that they would be hard to sell when they reached the end of the trail. Usually they were taken shorter distances each day, allowed periods to rest and graze both at midday and at night. On average, a herd could maintain a healthy weight moving about 15 miles per day. Such a pace meant that it would take as long as two months to travel from a home ranch to a railhead. The Chisholm trail, for example, was 1,000 miles long. On average, a single herd of cattle on a drive numbered about 3,000 head. To herd the cattle, a crew of at least 10 cowboys was needed, with three horses per cowboy. Cowboys worked in shifts to watch the cattle 24 hours a day, herding them in the proper direction in the daytime and watching them at night to prevent and deter theft. The crew also included a cook, who drove a, usually pulled by, and a horse to take charge of the, or herd of spare horses. The wrangler on a cattle drive was often a very young cowboy or one of lower social status, but the cook was a particularly well-respected member of the crew, as not only was he in charge of the food, he also was in charge of medical supplies and had a working knowledge of practical medicine. End of the open range. Waiting for a Chinook,. Overgrazing and harsh winters were factors that brought an end to the age of the Open Range, an innovation of the 1880s, allowed cattle to be confined to designated areas to prevent of the range. In Texas and surrounding areas, increased population required ranchers to fence off their individual lands. In the north, overgrazing stressed the open range, leading to insufficient winter for the cattle and starvation, particularly during the harsh winter of 1886–1887, when hundreds of thousands of cattle died across the Northwest, leading to collapse of the cattle industry. By the 1890s, barbed wire fencing was also standard in the northern plains, railroads had expanded to cover most of the nation, and meat packing plants were built closer to major ranching areas, making long cattle drives from Texas to the railheads in unnecessary. Hence, the age of the open range was gone and large were over. Smaller cattle drives continued at least into the 1940s, as ranchers, prior to the development of the modern, still needed to herd cattle to local railheads for transport to and. Meanwhile, ranches multiplied all over the developing West, keeping cowboy employment high, if still low-paid, but also somewhat more settled. Culture Ethnicity. Southern Cheyenne and Arapaho youths learning to brand cattle at the Seger Indian School, Oklahoma Territory, ca. American cowboys were drawn from multiple sources. By the late 1860s, following the and the expansion of the cattle industry, former soldiers from both the Union and Confederacy came west, seeking work, as did large numbers of restless white men in general. A significant number of also were drawn to cowboy life, in part because there was not quite as much discrimination in the as in other areas of American society at the time. A significant number of Mexicans and already living in the region also worked as cowboys. Later, particularly after 1890, when American policy promoted 'assimilation' of Indian people, some Indian boarding schools also taught ranching skills. Today, some Native Americans in the own cattle and small ranches, and many are still employed as cowboys, especially on ranches located near. The 'Indian Cowboy' also became a commonplace sight on the circuit. Because cowboys ranked low in the of the period, there are no firm figures on the actual proportion of various races. One writer states that cowboys were '. of two classes—those recruited from Texas and other States on the eastern slope; and Mexicans, from the south-western region.' Records suggest that about 15% of all cowboys were of African-American ancestry—ranging from about 25% on the trail drives out of Texas, to very few in the northwest. Similarly, cowboys of Mexican descent also averaged about 15% of the total, but were more common in Texas and the southwest. Other estimates suggest that in the late 19th century, one out of every three cowboys was a Mexican vaquero, and 20% may have been African-American. Regardless of ethnicity, most cowboys came from lower social classes and the pay was poor. The average cowboy earned approximately a dollar a day, plus food, and, when near the home ranch, a bed in the, usually a -like building with a single open room. Cowboys playing a game Social world Over time, the cowboys of the developed a personal culture of their own, a blend of and values that even retained vestiges of. Such hazardous work in isolated conditions also bred a tradition of self-dependence and, with great value put on personal honesty, exemplified in and. The cowboy often worked in an all-male environment, particularly on, and in the frontier west, men often significantly outnumbered women. However, some men were also drawn to the frontier because they were attracted to men. Other times, in a region where men outnumbered women, even social events normally attended by both sexes were at times all male, and men could be found partnering up with one another for dances. Acts between young, unmarried men occurred, but cowboys culture itself was and remains deeply homophobic. Though anti-sodomy laws were common in the Old West, they often were only selectively enforced. Development of the modern cowboy image. See also: The traditions of the working cowboy were further etched into the minds of the general public with the development of in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, which showcased and romanticized the life of both cowboys and. Beginning in the 1920s and continuing to the present day, popularized the cowboy lifestyle but also formed persistent, both positive and negative. In some cases, the cowboy and the violent are often associated with one another. On the other hand, some actors who portrayed cowboys promoted positive values, such as the 'cowboy code' of, that encouraged honorable behavior, respect and patriotism. Historian Robert K. DeArment draws a connection between the popularized Western code and the stereotypical rowdy cowboy image to that of the 'subculture of violence' of drovers in Old West Texas, that was influenced itself by the Southern. Likewise, cowboys in movies were often shown fighting with. However most armed conflicts occurred between Native people and units of the. Relations between cowboys and Native Americans were varied but generally not particularly friendly. Native people usually allowed cattle herds to pass through for a toll of ten cents a head, but raided cattle drives and ranches in times of active white-Native conflict or food shortages. In the 1860s, for example, the in Western Texas. Similar attacks also occurred with the, and Indians. Cowboys were armed against both predators and human thieves, and often used their guns to run off people of any race who attempted to steal, or cattle. In reality, working ranch hands past and present had very little time for anything other than the constant, hard work involved in maintaining a ranch. Champion lady bucking horse rider, Winnipeg Stampede, 1913 The history of women in the west, and women who worked on cattle ranches in particular, is not as well documented as that of men. However, institutions such as the have made significant efforts in recent years to gather and document the contributions of women. There are few records mentioning girls or women working to drive cattle up the cattle trails of the Old West. However women did considerable ranch work, and in some cases (especially when the men went to war or on long cattle drives) ran them. There is little doubt that women, particularly the wives and daughters of men who owned small ranches and could not afford to hire large numbers of outside laborers, worked side by side with men and thus needed to ride horses and be able to perform related tasks. The largely undocumented contributions of women to the west were acknowledged in law; the western states led the in granting women the right to vote, beginning with in 1869. Early photographers such as documented the life of working ranch women and cowgirls during the late 19th and early 20th century. While impractical for everyday work, the was a tool that gave women the ability to ride horses in 'respectable' public settings instead of being left on foot or confined to. Following the, modified the traditional English sidesaddle, creating a western-styled design. The traditional charras of preserve a similar tradition and ride sidesaddles today in exhibitions on both sides of the border. It wasn't until the advent of that 'cowgirls' came into their own. These adult women were skilled performers, demonstrating riding, expert marksmanship, and trick roping that entertained audiences around the world. Women such as became household names. By 1900, skirts split for riding astride became popular, and allowed women to compete with the men without scandalizing Victorian Era audiences by wearing men's clothing or, worse yet,. In the movies that followed from the early 20th century on, cowgirls expanded their roles in the popular culture and movie designers developed attractive clothing suitable for riding Western saddles. Independently of the entertainment industry, the growth of brought about the rodeo cowgirl. In the early Wild West shows and rodeos, women competed in all events, sometimes against other women, sometimes with the men. Cowgirls such as rode the same 'rough stock' and took the same risks as the men (and all while wearing a heavy split skirt that was more encumbering than men's trousers) and competed at major rodeos such as the and. Modern rodeo cowgirl Rodeo competition for women changed in the 1920s due to several factors. After 1925, when Eastern promoters started staging indoor rodeos in places like Madison Square Garden, women were generally excluded from the men's events and many of the women's events were dropped. Also, the public had difficulties with seeing women seriously injured or killed, and in particular, the death of at the 1929 led to the elimination of women's bronc riding from rodeo competition. In today's rodeos, men and women compete equally together only in the event of, though technically women now could enter other open events. There also are all-women rodeos where women compete in, and all other traditional rodeo events. However, in open rodeos, cowgirls primarily compete in the timed riding events such as, and most professional rodeos do not offer as many women's events as men's events. Boys and girls are more apt to compete against one another in all events in high-school rodeos as well as competition, where even boys can be seen in traditionally 'women's' events such as barrel racing. Outside of the rodeo world, women compete equally with men in nearly all other events, including the, and events such as,, and. Wikimedia Commons has media related to. Today's working cowgirls generally use clothing, tools and equipment indistinguishable from that of men, other than in color and design, usually preferring a flashier look in competition. Sidesaddles are only seen in exhibitions and a limited number of specialty classes. A modern working cowgirl wears jeans, close-fitting shirts, boots, hat, and when needed, chaps and gloves. If working on the ranch, they perform the same chores as cowboys and dress to suit the situation. Regional traditions within the United States Geography, climate and cultural traditions caused differences to develop in cattle-handling methods and equipment from one part of the United States to another. The period between 1840 and 1870 marked a mingling of cultures when English and French-descended people began to settle west of the Mississippi River and encountered the Spanish-descended people who had settled in the parts of Mexico that later became Texas and California. In the modern world, remnants of two major and distinct cowboy traditions remain, known today as the ' tradition and the 'Spanish', 'Vaquero', or ' tradition. Less well-known but equally distinct traditions also developed in and. Today, the various regional cowboy have merged to some extent, though a few regional differences in equipment and riding style still remain, and some individuals choose to deliberately preserve the more time-consuming but highly skilled techniques of the pure vaquero or 'buckaroo' tradition. The popular 'horse whisperer' style of was originally developed by practitioners who were predominantly from California and the Northwestern states, clearly combining the attitudes and philosophy of the California vaquero with the equipment and outward look of the Texas cowboy. California tradition. See also: The vaquero, the Spanish or Mexican cowboy who worked with young, untrained horses, arrived in the 18th century and flourished in and bordering territories during the Spanish Colonial period. Settlers from the United States did not enter California until after the, and most early settlers were miners rather than livestock ranchers, leaving livestock-raising largely to the Spanish and Mexican people who chose to remain in California. The California vaquero or buckaroo, unlike the Texas cowboy, was considered a highly skilled worker, who usually stayed on the same ranch where he was born or had grown up and raised his own family there. In addition, the geography and climate of much of California was dramatically different from that of Texas, allowing more intensive grazing with less open range, plus cattle in California were marketed primarily at a regional level, without the need (nor, until much later, even the logistical possibility) to be driven hundreds of miles to railroad lines. Thus, a horse- and livestock-handling culture remained in California and the Pacific Northwest that retained a stronger direct Spanish influence than that of Texas. The modern distinction between vaquero and buckaroo within American English may also reflect the parallel differences between the California and Texas traditions of western horsemanship. A 'Wade' saddle, popular with working ranch Buckaroo tradition riders, derived from vaquero saddle designs Buckaroos Some cowboys of the California tradition were dubbed buckaroos by English-speaking settlers. The words 'buckaroo' and vaquero are still used on occasion in the, parts of California and, less often, in the. Elsewhere, the term 'cowboy' is more common. The word buckaroo is generally believed to be an anglicized version of vaquero and shows phonological characteristics compatible with that origin. Buckaroo first appeared in American English in 1827. The word may also have developed with influences from the English word 'buck' or, the behavior of young, untrained horses. In 1960, one etymologist suggested that buckaroo derives, through: buckra, from the and: mbakara, meaning 'white man, master, boss'. Although that derivation was later rejected, another possibility advanced was that 'buckaroo' was a on vaquero, blending both Spanish and African sources. Texas tradition In the 18th century, the residents of Spanish Texas began to herd cattle on horseback to sell in Louisiana, both legally and illegally. Their horses were of type which became the Spanish. By the early 19th century, the Spanish Crown, and later, independent, offered in what would later be to non-citizens, such as settlers from the United States. In 1821, led a group which became the first English-speaking Mexican citizens. Following in 1836, even more Americans immigrated into the empresario ranching areas of Texas. Here the settlers were strongly influenced by the Mexican vaquero culture, borrowing and from their counterparts, but also retaining some of the livestock-handling traditions and culture of the Eastern United States and. The Texas cowboy was typically a bachelor who hired on with different outfits from season to season. Following the, vaquero combined with the cattle herding and drover traditions of the southeastern United States that evolved as settlers moved west. Additional influences developed out of Texas as cattle trails were created to meet up with the lines of and, in addition to expanding ranching opportunities in the and, east of the. The new settlers required more horses, to be trained faster, and brought a bigger and heavier horse with them. This led to modifications in the bridling and bitting traditions used by the vaquero. Thus, the Texas cowboy tradition arose from a combination of cultural influences, in addition to the need for adaptation to the geography and climate of west Texas and the need to conduct long to get animals to market. Historian proposed in 1982 that some Texan traditions that developed—particularly after the Civil War—may trace to colonial South Carolina, as most settlers to Texas were from the southeastern United States. However, these theories have been called into question by some reviewers. In a subsequent work, Jordan also noted that the influence of post-War Texas upon the whole of the frontier Western cowboy tradition was likely much less than previously thought. Florida cowhunter or 'cracker cowboy'. 'A cracker cowboy by The Florida 'cowhunter' or ' cowboy' of the 19th and early 20th centuries was distinct from the Texas and California traditions. Florida cowboys did not use to herd or capture cattle. Their primary tools were and dogs. Since the Florida cowhunter did not need a saddle horn for anchoring a, many did not use, instead using a. While some individuals wore boots that reached above the knees for protection from, others wore. They usually wore inexpensive wool or straw hats, and used for protection from rain. Cattle and horses were introduced into Florida in the 16th century. The cattle introduced by the Spanish persist today in two rare breeds: and. The, which is still used by some Florida cowboys, is descended from horses introduced by the Spanish. From shortly after 1565 until the end of the 17th century, cattle owned by officials and operated in northern Florida to supply the Spanish garrison in and markets in. Raids into Spanish Florida by the and its Native American allies, which wiped out the native population of Florida, led to the collapse of the Spanish mission and ranching systems. In the 18th century,,, and other Indian people moved into the depopulated areas of Florida and started herding the cattle left from the Spanish ranches. In the 19th century, most tribes in the area were dispossessed of their land and cattle and pushed south or west by white settlers and the United States government. By the middle of the 19th century white ranchers were running large herds of cattle on the extensive open range of central and southern Florida. The hides and meat from Florida cattle became such a critical supply item for the during the that a 'Cow Cavalry' was organized to round up and protect the herds from raiders. After the Civil War, and into the 20th Century, Florida cattle were periodically driven to ports on the, such as near, Florida, and shipped to market in. The Florida cowhunter or cracker cowboy tradition gradually assimilated to western cowboy tradition during the 20th century (although the vaquero tradition has had little influence in Florida). And the were introduced to Florida in the early 20th century by cattle entering from other states. These pests forced Florida cattlemen to separate individual animals from their herds at frequent intervals for treatment, which eventually led to the widespread use of lassos. Florida cowboys continue to use dogs and bullwhips for controlling cattle. Hawaiian Paniolo. Rider at the rodeo, 2002 Ranching in Canada has traditionally been dominated by one province,. The most successful early settlers of the province were the ranchers, who found Alberta's to be ideal for raising cattle. Most of Alberta's ranchers were settlers, but cowboys such as —who brought the first cattle into the province in 1876—were American. American style open range dryland ranching began to dominate (and, to a lesser extent, southwestern ) by the 1880s. The nearby city of became the centre of the Canadian cattle industry, earning it the nickname 'Cowtown'. The cattle industry is still extremely important to Alberta, and cattle outnumber people in the province. While cattle ranches defined by barbed wire fences replaced the open range just as they did in the US, the cowboy influence lives on. Canada's first rodeo, the, was established in 1902. In 1912, the began, and today it is the world's richest cash rodeo. Each year, Calgary's northern rival, Alberta stages the, and dozens of regional rodeos are held through the province. Outside North America. See also: On the ranch, the cowboy is responsible for feeding the livestock, and earmarking cattle (horses also are branded on many ranches), plus tending to animal injuries and other needs. The working cowboy usually is in charge of a small group or 'string' of horses and is required to routinely patrol the rangeland in all weather conditions checking for damaged fences, evidence of, water problems, and any other issue of concern. They also move the livestock to different pasture locations, or herd them into corrals and onto trucks for transport. In addition, cowboys may do many other jobs, depending on the size of the 'outfit' or, the, and the number of livestock. On a smaller ranch with fewer cowboys—often just family members, cowboys are generalists who perform many all-around tasks; they repair fences, maintain ranch equipment, and perform other odd jobs. On a very large ranch (a 'big outfit'), with many employees, cowboys are able to specialize on tasks solely related to cattle and horses. Cowboys who often specialize in this task only, and some may or train young horses for more than one ranch. The collects no figures for cowboys, so the exact number of working cowboys is unknown. Cowboys are included in the 2003 category, Support activities for animal production, which totals 9,730 workers averaging $19,340 per annum. In addition to cowboys working on ranches, in stockyards, and as staff or competitors at, the category includes farmhands working with other types of livestock (,,,, etc.). Of those 9,730 workers, 3,290 are listed in the subcategory of Spectator sports which includes rodeos,, and theaters needing livestock handlers. Attire Most cowboy attire, sometimes termed, grew out of practical need and the environment in which the cowboy worked. Most items were adapted from the Mexican vaqueros, though sources from other cultures, including and contributed. •; a large cotton that had myriad uses: from mopping up sweat to masking the face from dust storms. In modern times, is now more likely to be a silk neckscarf for decoration and warmth. • (usually pronounced 'shaps' ) or protect the rider's legs while on horseback, especially riding through heavy brush or during rough work with livestock. •; a boot with a high top to protect the lower legs, pointed toes to help guide the foot into the, and high heels to keep the foot from slipping through the stirrup while working in the saddle; with or without detachable. •; High crowned hat with a wide brim to protect from sun, overhanging brush, and the elements. There are many styles, initially influenced by 's, which was designed in response to the climatic conditions of the West. •, usually of deerskin or other leather that is soft and flexible for working purposes, yet provides protection when handling barbed wire, assorted tools or clearing native brush and vegetation. • or other sturdy, close-fitting trousers made of canvas or denim, designed to protect the legs and prevent the trouser legs from snagging on brush, equipment or other hazards. Properly made cowboy jeans also have a smooth inside seam to prevent blistering the inner thigh and knee while on horseback. Many of these items show marked regional variations. Parameters such as hat brim width, or chap length and material were adjusted to accommodate the various environmental conditions encountered by working cowboys. Modern Texas cowboys • Firearms: Modern cowboys often have access to a, used to protect the livestock from predation by wild animals, more often carried inside a than on horseback, though rifle are manufactured, and allow a rifle to be carried on a. A is more often carried when on horseback. The modern ranch hand often uses a.22 caliber 'varmit' rifle for modern ranch hazards, such as,, and. In areas near, a ranch cowboy may carry a higher-caliber rifle to fend off larger predators such as. In contrast, the cowboy of the 1880s usually carried a heavy caliber revolver such as the single action or Peacemaker (the civilian version of the 1872 ). The working cowboy of the 1880s rarely carried a long arm, as they could get in the way when working cattle, plus they added extra weight. However, many cowboys owned rifles, and often used them for market hunting in the off season. Though many models were used, Cowboys who were part-time preferred rifles that could take the widely available.45-70 'Government' ammunition, such as certain Sharps, Remington, Springfield models, as well as the Winchester 1876. However, by far the single most popular long arms were the lever-action repeating Winchesters, particularly lighter models such as the Model 1873 chambered for the same.44/40 ammunition as the Colt, allowing the cowboy to carry only one kind of ammunition. •; cowboys have traditionally favored some form of, specifically the folding cattle knife or stock knife. The knife has multiple blades, usually including a leather punch and a ' blade. •; from the Spanish 'la riata,' meaning 'the rope,' sometimes called a lasso, especially in the East, or simply, a 'rope'. This is a tightly twisted stiff rope, originally of rawhide or leather, now often of nylon, made with a small loop at one end called a 'hondo.' When the rope is run through the hondo, it creates a loop that slides easily, tightens quickly and can be thrown to catch animals. •; metal devices attached to the heel of the boot, featuring a small metal shank, usually with a small serrated wheel attached, used to allow the rider to provide a stronger (or sometimes, more precise) leg cue to the horse. • Other weapons; while the modern American cowboy came to existence after the invention of, cattle herders of earlier times were sometimes equipped with heavy polearms,. See also: The traditional means of transport for the cowboy, even in the modern era, is. Can travel over terrain that vehicles cannot access. Horses, along with and, also serve as. The most important horse on the ranch is the everyday working ranch horse that can perform a wide variety of tasks; horses trained to specialize exclusively in one set of skills such as or are very rarely used on ranches. Because the rider often needs to keep one hand free while working cattle, the horse must and have good cow sense—it must instinctively know how to anticipate and react to cattle. A good is on the small side, generally under 15.2 (62 inches) tall at the and often under 1000 pounds, with a short back, sturdy legs and strong muscling, particularly in the hindquarters. While a horse may need to be larger and weigh more in order to hold a heavy adult, or on a rope, a smaller, quick horse is needed for herding activities such as. The horse has to be intelligent, calm under pressure and have a certain degree of 'cow sense' -- the ability to anticipate the movement and behavior of cattle. Many breeds of horse make good stock horses, but the most common today in North America is the, which is a developed primarily in from a combination of bloodstock crossed on horses of and other ancestry, with influences from the and horses developed on the east coast, such as the and now- breeds such as the Chickasaw and Virginia Quarter-Miler. Horse equipment or tack. A western saddle Equipment used to ride a horse is referred to as and includes: •; a Western bridle usually has a and long split to control the horse in many different situations. Generally the bridle is open-faced, without a, unless the horse is ridden with a. Young ranch horses learning basic tasks usually are ridden in a jointed, loose-ring, often with a. In some areas, especially where the 'California' style of the vaquero or buckaroo tradition is still strong, young horses are often seen in a style. • of various types are seen on horses that are in training or have behavior problems. • Saddle bags (leather or nylon) can be mounted to the saddle, behind the cantle, to carry various sundry items and extra supplies. Additional bags may be attached to the front or the saddle. •; a blanket or pad is required under the Western saddle to provide comfort and protection for the horse. •; a saddle specially designed to allow horse and to work for many hours and to provide security to the rider in rough terrain or when moving quickly in response to the behavior of the livestock being herded. A western saddle has a deep seat with high and that provides a secure seat. Deep, wide provide comfort and security for the foot. A strong, wide of wood, covered in rawhide (or made of a modern synthetic material) distributes the weight of the rider across a greater area of the horse's back, reducing the pounds carried per square inch and allowing the horse to be ridden longer without harm. A sits low in front of the rider, to which a can be snubbed, and assorted dee rings and leather 'saddle strings' allow additional equipment to be tied to the saddle. Vehicles The most common motorized vehicle driven in modern ranch work is the. Sturdy and roomy, with a high ground clearance, and often capability, it has an open box, called a 'bed,' and can haul supplies from town or over rough trails on the ranch. It is used to pull stock trailers transporting cattle and livestock from one area to another and to market. With a attached, it carries horses to distant areas where they may be needed. Motorcycles are sometimes used instead of horses for some tasks, but the most common smaller vehicle is the. It will carry a single cowboy quickly around the ranch for small chores. In areas with heavy snowfall, are also common. However, in spite of modern mechanization, there remain jobs, particularly those involving working cattle in rough terrain or in close quarters that are best performed by cowboys on horseback. Main article: The word rodeo is from the Spanish rodear (to turn), which means roundup. In the beginning there was no difference between the working cowboy and the cowboy, and in fact, the term working cowboy did not come into use until the 1950s. Prior to that it was assumed that all cowboys were working cowboys. Early cowboys both worked on ranches and displayed their skills at the roundups. The advent of professional rodeos allowed cowboys, like many, to earn a living by performing their skills before an audience. Rodeos also provided for many working cowboys who were needed to handle livestock. Many rodeo cowboys are also working cowboys and most have working cowboy experience. The dress of the rodeo cowboy is not very different from that of the working cowboy on his way to town. Snaps, used in lieu of buttons on the cowboy's shirt, allowed the cowboy to escape from a shirt snagged by the horns of. Styles were often adapted from the early movie industry for the rodeo. Some rodeo competitors, particularly women, add sequins, colors, silver and long fringes to their clothing in both a nod to tradition and showmanship. Modern riders in 'rough stock' events such as or may add safety equipment such as vests or a neck brace, but use of in lieu of the is yet to be accepted, in spite of constant risk of injury. In popular culture. Buffalo Bill's wild west and congress of rough riders of the world - Circus poster showing cowboys rounding up cattle, c. 1899 As the frontier ended, the cowboy life came to be highly romanticized. Exhibitions such as those of 's Wild West Show helped to popularize the image of the cowboy as an idealized representative of the tradition of. In today's society, there is little understanding of the daily realities of actual agricultural life. Cowboys are more often associated with (mostly fictitious) Indian-fighting than with their actual life of work and cattle-tending. The cowboy is also portrayed as a masculine ideal via images ranging from the to the. Actors such as are thought of as exemplifying a cowboy ideal, even though seldom bear much resemblance to real cowboy life. Arguably, the modern competitor is much closer to being an actual cowboy, as many were actually raised on ranches and around livestock, and the rest have needed to learn livestock-handling skills on the job. However, in the United States and the Canadian West, as well as, offer people the opportunity to ride horses and get a taste of the western life—albeit in far greater comfort. Some ranches also offer vacationers the opportunity to actually perform cowboy tasks by participating in cattle drives or accompanying. This type of was popularized by the 1991 movie, starring. Symbolism In 2005, the declared the fourth Saturday of July as 'National Day of the American Cowboy' via a Senate resolution and has subsequently renewed this resolution each year, with the periodically issuing statements of support. The long history of the West in popular culture tends to define those clothed in Western clothing as cowboys or cowgirls whether they have ever been on a horse or not. This is especially true when applied to entertainers and those in the public arena who wear as part of their persona. However, the reality is that many people, particularly in the West, including lawyers, bankers, and other professionals wear elements of Western clothing, particularly or hats, as a matter of form even though they have other jobs. Conversely, some people raised on ranches do not necessarily define themselves cowboys or cowgirls unless they feel their primary job is to work with livestock or if they compete in rodeos. Actual cowboys have derisive expressions for individuals who adopt cowboy mannerisms as a fashion pose without any actual understanding of the culture. For example, a 'drugstore cowboy' means someone who wears the clothing but does not actually sit upon anything but the stool of the —or, in modern times, a. Similarly, the phrase 'all hat and no cattle' is used to describe someone (usually male) who boasts about himself, far in excess of any actual accomplishments. The word 'dude' (or the now-archaic term 'greenhorn') indicates an individual unfamiliar with cowboy culture, especially one who is trying to pretend otherwise. Outside of the United States, the cowboy has become an image of Americans abroad. In the late 1950s, a youth subculture calling themselves the based their style and outlook on 's depiction of cowboys in movies. Something similar occurred with the term ', which in early 20th century society was a slang term for an outlaw. Negative associations The word 'cowboy' is also used in a negative sense. Originally this derived from the behavior of some cowboys in the boomtowns of Kansas, at the end of the trail for long cattle drives, where cowboys developed a reputation for violence and wild behavior due to the inevitable impact of large numbers of cowboys, mostly young single men, receiving their pay in large lump sums upon arriving in communities with many drinking and gambling establishments. 'Cowboy' as an adjective for 'reckless' developed in the 1920s. 'Cowboy' is sometimes used today in a derogatory sense to describe someone who is reckless or ignores potential risks, irresponsible or who heedlessly handles a sensitive or dangerous task. Referred to President 's foreign policy as ', and Bush has been described in the press, particularly in Europe, as a 'cowboy'. In English-speaking regions outside North America, such as the and, 'cowboy' can refer to a whose work is of shoddy and questionable value, e.g., 'a cowboy '. The term also lent itself to the British 1980s TV sitcom,. Similar usage is seen in the United States to describe someone in the skilled trades who operates without proper training or licenses. In the eastern United States, 'cowboy' as a noun is sometimes used to describe a on the highway. See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to. Wikimedia Commons has media related to. Upcoming Events Join us for runs most Sundays (weather permitting).contact us for details and times! • We either ride to locations unknown or to other clubs' events (both AMA and non-AMA) • Scenic routes of NJ • Good times to be had • Taillights is at the clubhouse For more information the clubhouse at 908 722-4664 or email us at [email protected] Riding Season is STILL Upon Us Dawn Patrol rides most Sundays. Starting times are usually in the mid to late morning and last till the afternoon. Please contact us for our next ride. Brand, played by, is seen wearing the ribbon for the Military Cross. Rathbone himself was awarded this medal for bravery during the First World War as a second lieutenant. Courtney () and later Lt. Scott () are also seen with ribbons, but Flynn and Niven were too young to serve in the war. Niven attended Sandhurst Military Academy and then served for two years on Malta. At the outbreak of the Second World War, he returned to England and re-joined the army. Flynn's weak heart got him a 4-F deferment and he never served during the war, a fact he always said he regretted. The Dawn Patrol, one of Director Eddie Goulding's very finest, is as tense and tightly wound as the characters it portrays, who face the awful question, 'what is maximum effort', how much can a man give in combat before breaking? The story revolves around the vividly drawn characters of Lt. Scott,'Scotty', played by David Niven in one of his most genuine performances, and that of his chum, Captain Courtney, well played by Errol Flynn. Together the two friends face death each day in machines held together by 'spit and baling wire' and each night drink themselves into oblivion. Their antics contrast with the concern that is eating at their commanding officer, Major Brand, wonderfully portrayed by Basil Rathbone. Brand is visibly cracking under the strain, while the oblivious Courtney and Scott play at war, seemingly unconcerned by death or anything else. Paired with Brand is the unflappable Phipps, presented by stalwart character actor Donald Crisp. It is Crisp, who is finally made to express the film's underlying anti-war theme, questioning the point of sending all the fine young men to their deaths, '.and for what?' , he asks though no answer is forthcoming. The tension is expertly broken by comic interludes of genuine hilarity as well as great scenes of World War air combat. The Dawn Patrol is a 1938 American war film, a remake of the pre-Code 1930 film of the same name. Both were based on the short story 'The Flight Commander' by John. Watch video 1938 movie The Dawn Patrol starring Errol Flynn as Courtney, David Niven as Scott and Basil Rathbone as Major Brand. One sees a reflection of Renoir's 'Rules of the Game', when a German pilot, who is thought to have killed Scotty, is brought in to meet Courtney, who shot him down and they show each other the mutual respect and chivalry that still crossed the no-mans land between the two sides. Like '12 0'Clock High' its World War II counterpart, this film puts the viewer under the skins of these men as they face death. No phony posturing or heroics, no masks, just humanity faced with something which, ultimately is inhuman. This intelligent and questioning film is at the very top of my list of great war films, and is an absolute must see for new generations of movie goers. Iron Man 2 is a 2010 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Iron Man, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Paramount Pictures. Billionaire industrialist Tony Stark (played by Robert Downey, Jr.) returns to the big screen--and the Iron Man armor. Joined by Pepper Potts (Gwyneth Paltrow) and. Buy Iron Man 2: Read 2048 Movies & TV Reviews - Amazon.com. Running time 125 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $200 million Box office $623.9 million Iron Man 2 is a 2010 American based on the character, produced by and distributed. It is the sequel to 2008's, and is in the. Directed by and written by, the film stars,,,,,, and. Six months after the events of Iron Man, Tony Stark is resisting calls by the United States government to hand over the Iron Man technology while also combating his declining health from the arc reactor in his chest. Meanwhile, rogue Russian scientist has developed the same technology and built weapons of his own in order to pursue a vendetta against the Stark family, in the process joining forces with Stark's business rival,. Following the successful release of Iron Man in May 2008, Marvel Studios announced and immediately set to work on producing a sequel. In July of that same year Theroux was hired to write the script, and Favreau was signed to return and direct. Downey, Paltrow and Jackson were set to reprise their roles from Iron Man, while Cheadle was brought in to replace in the role of. In the early months of 2009, Rourke, Rockwell and Johansson filled out the supporting cast, and filming took place from April to July of that year. Like its predecessor the film was shot mostly in, except for a key sequence in. Iron Man 2 premiered at the on April 26, 2010, and was released internationally between April 28 and May 7 before releasing in the U.S. On May 7, 2010. The film received generally positive reviews and was commercially successful, grossing over $623.9 million at the worldwide box office, and receiving an nomination for Best in Visual Effects. The third installment of the Iron Man series,, was released on May 3, 2013. Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Plot [ ] In Russia, the media covers 's disclosure of his identity as Iron Man., whose father has just died, sees this and begins building a miniature arc reactor similar to Stark's. Six months later, Stark is a superstar and uses his Iron Man suit for peaceful means, resisting government pressure to sell his designs. He reinstitutes the Stark Expo to continue his father 's legacy. The core in the arc reactor that keeps Stark alive and powers the armor is slowly poisoning him, and he cannot find a substitute. Growing increasingly reckless and despondent about his impending death, and choosing not to tell anyone about his condition, Stark appoints his personal assistant CEO of Stark Industries, and hires Stark employee Natalie Rushman to replace her as his personal assistant. Stark competes in the, where he is attacked in the middle of the race by Vanko, who wields electrified whips. Stark dons his Mark V armor and defeats Vanko, but the suit is severely damaged. Vanko explains his intention was to prove to the world that Iron Man is not invincible. Impressed by Vanko's performance, Stark's rival,, fakes Vanko's death while breaking him out of prison and asks him to build a line of armored suits to upstage Stark. During what he believes is his final birthday party, Stark gets drunk while wearing the Mark IV suit. Disgusted, Lieutenant Colonel dons Stark's Mark II prototype armor and tries to restrain him. The fight ends in a stalemate, so Rhodes confiscates the Mark II for the U.S. Air Force., director of, approaches Stark, revealing 'Rushman' to be Agent and that Howard Stark was a S.H.I.E.L.D. Founder whom Fury knew personally. Fury explains that Vanko's father jointly invented the arc reactor with Stark, but when Anton tried to sell it for profit, Stark had him deported. The Soviets sent Anton to the gulag. Fury gives Stark some of his father's old material; a hidden message in the of the 1974 Stark Expo proves to be a diagram of the structure of a new element. With the aid of his computer, Stark synthesizes it. When he learns Vanko is still alive, he places the new element in his arc reactor and ends his palladium dependency. At the Expo, Hammer unveils Vanko's armored drones, led by Rhodes in a heavily weaponized version of the Mark II armor. Stark arrives in the Mark VI armor to warn Rhodes, but Vanko remotely takes control of both the drones and Rhodes' armor and attacks Iron Man. Hammer is arrested while Romanoff and Stark's bodyguard go after Vanko at Hammer's factory. Vanko escapes, but Romanoff returns control of the Mark II armor to Rhodes. Stark and Rhodes together defeat Vanko and his drones. Vanko seemingly commits suicide by blowing up his suit, along with the defeated drones. At a debriefing, Fury informs Stark that because of Stark's difficult personality, S.H.I.E.L.D. Intends to use him only as a consultant. Stark and Rhodes receive medals for their heroism. In a, S.H.I.E.L.D. Agent reports the discovery of at the bottom of a crater in a desert in New Mexico. Downey, Johansson and Rockwell promoting the film at the 2009 San Diego Comic-Con International. • as: A billionaire who escaped captivity in with a suit of armor he created, he now struggles to keep his technology out of the government's hands. Downey and Favreau, who had been handed a script and worked from it on the first movie, conceived part of the film's story themselves. On Stark being a hero, Downey said 'It's kind of heroic, but really kind of on his own behalf. So I think there's probably a bit of an imposter complex and no sooner has he said, 'I am Iron Man –' that he's now really wondering what that means. If you have all this cushion like he does and the public is on your side and you have immense wealth and power, I think he's way too insulated to be okay.' Downey put on 20 pounds of muscle to reprise the role. Six-year-old Davin Ransom portrays Tony Stark as a child. • as: Stark's closest friend, budding love interest, and business partner; Pepper is promoted to CEO of Stark Industries. On her character's promotion, Paltrow opined 'When we start Iron Man 2 Pepper and Tony are very much in the same vibe. As the movie progresses, Pepper is given more responsibility and she's promoted and it's nice to see her sort of grow up in that way. I think it really suits her, the job fits her really well.' Paltrow expressed excitement about working with Johansson. • as: An officer in the and Tony Stark's close personal friend who later operates the armor. Cheadle replaces from the first film. Cheadle only had a few hours to accept the role and did not even know what storyline Rhodes would undergo. He commented that he is a comic book fan, but had not previously participated in comics-themed films due to the scarcity of black superheroes. Cheadle said he thought Iron Man was a robot before the first film came out. On how he approached his character, Cheadle stated 'I go, what's the common denominator here? And the common denominator was really his friendship with Tony, and that's what we really tried to track in this one. How is their friendship impacted once Tony comes out and owns 'I am Iron Man'?' Cheadle said his suit was 50 pounds (23 kg) of metal, and that he could not touch his face while wearing it. • as: An undercover spy for S.H.I.E.L.D. Posing as Stark's new assistant. Johansson dyed her hair red before she landed the part, hoping that it would help convince Favreau that she was right for the role. On why she chose the role, Johansson said, 'the Black Widow character resonated with me. [She] is a superhero, but she’s also human. She’s small, but she’s strong. She is dark and has faced death so many times that she has a deep perspective on the value of life. It’s hard not to admire her.' She stated that she had 'a bit of a freak-out moment' when she first saw the cat-suit. When asked about fighting in the costume, Johansson responded 'a big part of me is like 'can I move in this? Can I run in it? Can I like throw myself over things with this?' And I think just the prep, you just have to put in the hours. That's what I realized is that just putting in the hours and doing the training and repetition and basically just befriending the stunt team and spending all day, every day, just over and over and over and over until you sell it.' • as: A rival weapons manufacturer. Sam Rockwell was considered for the role of Tony Stark in the first film, and he accepted the role of Hammer without reading the script. He had never heard of the character before he was contacted about the part, and was unaware Hammer is an old Englishman in the comics. Rockwell said, 'I worked with Jon Favreau on this film called. And Justin Theroux, who wrote the script, is an old friend of mine, they sort of cooked up this idea and pitched it to. What they did, they were maybe going to do one villain like they did with, but then they decided to split the villains. And really Mickey [Rourke] is the main [villain], but I come to his aid.' Rockwell described his character as 'plucky comic relief, but he's got a little bit of an edge'. • as: A Russian and ex-convict who builds a pair of arc reactor-based electric whips to exact vengeance on the Stark family. The character is an amalgam of Whiplash and. Rourke visited to research the role, and he suggested half of the character's dialogue be in Russian. He also suggested the addition of tattoos, gold teeth and a fondness for a pet, paying for the teeth and bird with his own money. Rourke explained that he did not want to play a 'one-dimensional bad guy', and wanted to challenge the audience to see something redeemable in him. Not knowing anything about computers, Rourke described pretending to be tech-savvy as the hardest part of the role. • as: Director of S.H.I.E.L.D.; Jackson signed a nine-film contract to play the character. On the subject of his character not seeing any action in the film, Jackson said 'We still haven't moved Nick Fury into the bad-ass zone. He's still just kind of a talker.' The director,, reprises his role as, Tony Stark's bodyguard and chauffeur, while and reprise their roles as S.H.I.E.L.D. Agent and reporter, respectively. Appears as Tony's father Howard Stark and appears as United States Senator Stern, who wants Stark to give Iron Man's armor to the government. Favreau stated that Shandling's character was named after radio personality. Again voices Stark's computer, has a small role as, a reporter covering the Stark expo, portrays a U.S. Marshal who summons Tony to the government hearing, and appears as himself (but is mistaken for ). Additionally, news anchor and political commentator play themselves in newscasts. Appears as himself and the film is dedicated to his memory. Further cameos include CEO and CEO. Favreau's son Max appears as a child wearing an Iron Man mask who Stark saves from a drone. This was made the introduction of a young to the MCU, as confirmed in June 2017 by eventual Spider-Man actor, Feige and director. Production [ ] Development [ ]. Jon Favreau meeting with members of the U.S. Air Force while filming at Edwards Air Force Base. Jon Favreau said it was originally his intent to create a film trilogy for Iron Man, with Obadiah Stane () becoming during the sequels. After a meeting between Favreau and various comic book writers, including, Stane became the main villain in Iron Man. Millar argued the, whom Favreau originally intended to fill that role, was too fantastical. Favreau concurred, deciding, 'I look at Mandarin more like how in you had the, but is the guy you want to see fight. Then you work your way to the time when lightning bolts are shooting out of the fingers and all that stuff could happen. But you can't have what happened in happen in. You just can't do it.' Favreau also discussed in interviews how the films' version of Mandarin 'allows us to incorporate the whole pantheon of villains'. He mentioned that S.H.I.E.L.D. Would continue to have a major role. During development, Favreau said the film would explore Stark's alcoholism, but it would not be 'the ' version'. While promoting the first film, Downey stated that Stark would probably develop a drinking problem as he is unable to cope with his age, the effects of revealing he is Iron Man, and Pepper getting a boyfriend. Downey later clarified that the film was not a strict adaptation of the 'Demon in a Bottle' storyline from the comic book series, but was instead about the 'interim space' between the origin and the 'Demon' story arc. Gave some advice on the script, and suggested to Favreau and Downey that they model Stark on, who became depressed with being 'the destroyer of worlds' after working on the. Pre-production [ ] Immediately following Iron Man 's release, Marvel Studios announced that they were developing a sequel, with an intended release date of April 30, 2010. In July 2008, after several months of negotiating, Favreau officially signed on to direct. That same month, signed to write the script, which would be based on a story written by Favreau and Downey. Theroux co-wrote, which Downey had starred in, and Downey recommended him to Marvel. The film, and returned to supervise the designs for. In October 2008, Marvel Studios came to an agreement to film Iron Man 2, as well as their next three films, at Raleigh Studios in. A few days later, Don Cheadle was hired to replace Terrence Howard. On being replaced, Howard stated, 'There was no explanation, apparently the contracts that we write and sign aren't worth the paper that they're printed on sometimes. Promises aren't kept, and good faith negotiations aren't always held up.' Stated Favreau did not enjoy working with Howard, often re-shooting and cutting his scenes; Howard's publicist said he had a good experience playing the part, while Marvel chose not to comment. As Favreau and Theroux chose to reduce the role, Marvel came to Howard to discuss lowering his salary – Howard was the first actor hired in Iron Man and was paid the largest salary. The publication stated they were unsure whether Howard's representatives left the project first or if Marvel chose to stop negotiating. Theroux denied the part of the report which claimed the size of the role had fluctuated. In November 2013, Howard stated that, going into the film, the studio offered him far less than was in his three-picture contract, claiming they told him the second will be successful, 'with or without you,' and, without mentioning him by name, said Downey 'took the money that was supposed to go to me and pushed me out.' In January 2009, Rourke and Rockwell entered negotiations to play a pair of villains. A few days later, Rockwell confirmed he would take the role, and that his character would be Justin Hammer. Paul Bettany confirmed that he would be returning to voice J.A.R.V.I.S. Marvel entered into early talks with to play the Black Widow, though she was unable to take the role due to a previous commitment to star in. Jackson confirmed that he had been in discussions to reprise the role of Nick Fury from the first film's post-credits scene, but that contract disputes were making a deal difficult. Jackson claimed that 'There was a huge kind of negotiation that broke down. I don't know. Maybe I won't be Nick Fury.' In February, Jackson and Marvel came to terms, and he was signed to play the character in up to nine films. Downey and Rourke discussed his part during a roundtable discussion with at the, and Rourke met with Favreau and Theroux to discuss the role. Rourke almost dropped out due to Marvel's initial salary offer of $250,000, but the studio raised the offer, and in March Rourke signed on. Later that same day Scarlett Johansson signed on to play the Black Widow. Her deal included options for multiple films, including potentially. In April, Garry Shandling, Clark Gregg, and joined the cast. 'This is one of the richest men in the world, so we can't buy our practicals from Home Depot. Everything had to be intelligent technology, and it had to look classic enough to have some shelf life – we didn't want it to look embarrassingly dated 10 years from now.' , the film's cinematographer began April 6, 2009, at the Pasadena Masonic Temple, with the Rasputin. The bulk of the production took place at Raleigh Studios, though other locations were also used. Scenes were filmed at from May 11 through May 13. The location had also been used for Iron Man, and Favreau stated that he felt the 'real military assets make the movie more authentic and the topography and the beauty of the desert and flightline open the movie up'. The Historic Grand Prix of Monaco action sequence was shot in the parking lot of, with sets constructed in May and filming lasting through June. Permission to film in Monaco prior to the had initially been awarded, but was later retracted. The filmmakers shipped one there, and filmed a track sequence in which race cars were later digitally added. Took on the role of driving Stark's racing car. Also in June, it was reported that John Slattery had joined the film's cast as Howard Stark. Olivia Munn was also cast, in an unspecified role. A massive green screen was constructed at the to film a portion of the Stark Expo exterior, with the rest either shot at an area high school or added digitally. To construct the green screen, hundreds of shipping containers were stacked, covered in plywood and plaster, and then painted green. For the conclusion of that climactic scene, which the crew dubbed the 'Japanese Garden' scene, a set was built inside Sony Studios in Los Angeles. Filming lasted 71 days, and the film's production officially wrapped on July 18, 2009. A post-credits scene depicting the discovery of a large hammer was filmed on the set of, and some of it was reused in the film. Jon Favreau revealed that the scene was filmed with to match Thor, and was directed by, the director of Thor. Post-production [ ] In January 2010,, Marvel, and Paramount announced that the film would receive a limited release on digital screens. It was not shot with IMAX cameras, so it was converted into the format using the technology. The film underwent reshoots in February. Olivia Munn's original role was cut, but she was given a new role during the reshoots. Robert Downey, Jr. And Don Cheadle in their suits, before and after ILM's CGI enhancements. Was the film's, and again did the majority of the effects, as it did on the first film. ILM's visual effects supervisor on the film,, said their work on the film was 'harder' than their work on the first, stating that Favreau asked more of them this time around. Snow described the process of digitally creating the suits: On the first Iron Man, we tried to use the Legacy [Studios, 's effects company] and Stan Winston suits as much as we could. For the second one, Jon [Favreau] was confident we could create the suits, and the action dictated using them. So, Legacy created what we called the 'football suits' from the torso up with a chest plate and helmet. We'd usually put in some arm pieces, but not the whole arm. In the house fight sequence, where Robert Downey Jr. Staggers around tipsy, we used some of the practical suit and extended it digitally. Same thing in the scene. But in the rest of the film, we used the CG suit entirely. And did an all-digital suit for the Monaco chase. ILM created 527 shots for the film, using programs such as. Perception worked on over 125 shots for the film. They crafted gadgets, such as Tony Stark's transparent, and created the backdrops for the Stark Expo as well as the computer screen interfaces on the touch-screen coffee table and the holographic lab environment. In total, 11 visual effect studios worked on the film. Further information: and A soundtrack album featuring was released by on April 19, 2010, in at least three different versions: basic, special and deluxe. The basic edition includes the CD; the special edition contains a 15-track CD, a 32-page booklet and a DVD featuring interviews, behind-the-scenes footage, and music videos; and the deluxe includes a reproduction of one of Iron Man's first comic book appearances. Only 2 songs on the soundtrack actually appear in the movie. Although not included on the soundtrack album the film includes songs by,,,, and. The film score was released commercially as Iron Man 2: Original Motion Picture Score on July 20, 2010, featuring 25 tracks. Composed the score with. Release [ ] Iron Man 2 premiered at the in on April 26, 2010, and was released in 6,764 theaters (48 ) across 54 countries between April 28 and May 7, before going into general release in the United States on May 7, 2010. In the United States, it opened at 4,380 theaters, 181 of which were IMAX. The international release date of the film was moved forward to increase interest ahead of the tournament. Marketing [ ]. Iron Man 2 cast members at Comic Con 2009. Robert Downey Jr., Don Cheadle, Scarlett Johansson and Sam Rockwell. At the 2009, a five-minute trailer for the movie was shown. Actors portraying Stark Industries recruiters handed out business cards with an invitation to apply. A website for Stark Industries went online, with an attached graphic of a 'napkin memo' from Stark to Potts announcing that Stark Industries no longer made weapons. Another section featured an online application. It was confirmed that the first theatrical trailer would premiere in front of (another Robert Downey, Jr. This trailer was released online on December 16, 2009. A new trailer was shown by Robert Downey, Jr. On on March 7 after the. Promotional partners included,,,,, LG Electronics and Hershey. Author adapted the script into a novel, also titled Iron Man 2, that was released in April 2010. Prior to the film release, Marvel Comics released a four issue miniseries comic book titled Iron Man vs Whiplash, which introduced the film's version of Whiplash into the. A three issue prequel miniseries titled Iron Man 2: Public Identity was released in April. An was released by on May 4, 2010 in North America, written by scribe. The version was developed by and all console versions were published by Sega, while published the mobile game. The game's Comic-Con trailer showed that the was set to appear as a villain. Cheadle and Jackson voice their respective characters in the games. The trailer revealed that,, and (depicted as a man named Kearson DeWitt in a large armor) are enemies in the game as well as reveal that the wearer of the Crimson Dynamo armor is General Valentin Shatalov. The game received generally unfavorable reviews, with a score of 41% for both the PS3 and Xbox 360 versions. Home media [ ] On September 28, 2010, the film was released on DVD and. The film was also collected in a 10-disc titled ' which includes all of the films in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. It was released on April 2, 2013. Reception [ ] Box office [ ] Iron Man 2 earned $312.4 million in the United States and Canada, as well as $311.5 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $623.9 million. Since the film was included in a predetermined legacy distribution deal that was signed before the purchased Marvel, Paramount Pictures distributed the film and collected 8% of the box office, while the remaining portion went to Disney. Iron Man 2 earned $51 million on its opening day in the United States and Canada (including $7.5 million from Thursday previews), for a total weekend gross of $128 million, which was the fifth-highest opening weekend ever, at the time, behind,, and. It also had the highest opening for a 2010 movie. The film yielded an average of $29,252 per theater. IMAX contributed $9.8 million, which was the highest opening weekend for a 2D IMAX film, surpassing 's previous record of $8.5 million. Iron Man 2 was the third-highest-grossing film of 2010 in the United States and Canada, behind and. Iron Man 2 launched in six European markets with number-one openings on Wednesday, April 28, 2010, for a total $2.2 million. It earned $100.2 million its first five days from 53 foreign markets for a strong average of $14,814 per site. IMAX Corporation reported grosses of $2.25 million. This surpassed the previous record-holder for an IMAX 2D release, 2009's ($2.1 million). It was the seventh-highest-grossing film of 2010 internationally, behind Toy Story 3, Alice in Wonderland,,,, and. Critical response [ ] The website reported a 73% approval rating with an average rating of 6.5/10 based on 279 reviews. The website's consensus reads, 'It isn't quite the breath of fresh air that Iron Man was, but this sequel comes close with solid performances and an action-packed plot.' Metacritic gave the film 57/100 based on a rating of 40 reviews. Brian Lowry of stated, ' Iron Man 2 isn't as much fun as its predecessor, but by the time the smoke clears, it'll do'. Anthony Lane of said, 'To find a comic-book hero who doesn't agonize over his supergifts, and would defend his constitutional right to get a kick out of them, is frankly a relief'. David Edelstein of wrote, 'It doesn't come close to the emotional heft of those two rare 2s that outclassed their ones: and. But Iron Man 2 hums along quite nicely'. Gave it 3 stars out of 4, stating that ' Iron Man 2 is a polished, high-octane sequel, not as good as the original but building once again on a quirky performance by Robert Downey Jr'. Of, a one-time Marvel Comics writer, said that, 'In a refreshing and unexpected turn, the sequel to Iron Man doesn't find a changed man. Inside the metal, imperfect humanity grows even more so, as thought-provoking questions of identity meet techno-fantasy made flesh.' Conversely, Kirk Honeycutt of stated, 'Everything fun and terrific about Iron Man, a mere two years ago, has vanished with its sequel. In its place, Iron Man 2 has substituted noise, confusion, multiple villains, irrelevant stunts and misguided story lines.' Accolades [ ] Year Award Category Winner/Nominee Result Ref. 2010 Visual Effects of the Year Iron Man 2 Won Best Sound (Mixing & Editing) Iron Man 2 Nominated Best Visual Effects Iron Man 2 Nominated Iron Man 2 Nominated Nominated Nominated Choice Movie Actress: Sci-Fi Nominated Nominated Choice Movie: Dance Robert Downey Jr. Nominated Choice Movie: Fight and Robert Downey Jr. (Iron Man & War Machine vs The Hammer Drones) Nominated 2011 Favorite Action Movie Iron Man 2 Won Favorite Movie Iron Man 2 Nominated Favorite Movie Actor Robert Downey Jr. Nominated Favorite Action Star Robert Downey Jr. Nominated Favorite On-Screen Team Robert Downey, Jr. And Don Cheadle Nominated Iron Man 2 Nominated Iron Man 2 Nominated Robert Downey Jr. Nominated Scarlett Johansson Nominated Iron Man 2 Nominated,,, Susan Pickett Nominated Outstanding Models in a Feature Motion Picture Bruce Holcomb, Ron Woodall, John Goodson, John Walker for 'Hammer Military Drones' Nominated Outstanding Created Environment in a Feature Motion Picture Giles Hancock, Richard Bluff, Todd Vaziri, Aaron McBride for the 'Stark Expo' Nominated Sequel [ ]. • Tadena, Nathalie.. 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You can hike on rocky headlands that rise dramatically from the Pacific Ocean, ride horses or bikes along scenic trails, walk along the many beaches, kayak on pristine Tomales Bay, or spy the abundance of native flowers and wildlife, including elephant seals and tule elk. —Tim Fish, Wine Spectator, 15 Nov. 2008 • In her biography of Monroe, Churchwell takes to task the relentless mythomania of her admirers and critics, who are equally invested in nurturing the legend of a hapless beautiful woman consumed by her desire for celebrity and love. —Lakshmi Chaudhry, Nation, 27 Aug.-3 Sept. 2007 • In the hothouse of today's celebrity monoculture, the result has been the perfection of the kind of profile in which athletes and actors struggle to overcome absence or presence in their lives of money, fame, sex and drugs. Especially so in the upscale slicks, where these stories of the rich and beautiful emerge so flat and lifeless that no one in them casts a shadow. —Jeff MacGregor, New York Times Book Review, 21 Aug. 2005 • You have the most beautiful smile. • The film tells a beautiful story about two young lovers. • Our hotel room had a beautiful view of the ocean. • The sunsets here are absolutely beautiful. • What a beautiful day for a picnic! • This is a beautiful example of early American poetry. Our evidence shows that when beautiful is used to describe physical beauty, it is overwhelming used of women or a physical aspect of a woman (such as her hair or skin). This hasn't always been the case: when beautiful first came into English it was used as easily of men as it was of women. Nowadays, handsome is the adjective of appreciation most commonly used of men. The plural noun phrase doesn't refer to the overall looks of the people mentioned, but rather the elegance and sumptuousness of their lives. ,,, mean exciting sensuous or aesthetic pleasure. Applies to whatever excites the keenest of pleasure to the senses and stirs emotion through the senses. • • beautiful mountain scenery is close to but applies to a narrower range of emotional excitation in suggesting the graceful, delicate, or exquisite. • • a lovely melody suggests aesthetic pleasure due to proportion, symmetry, or elegance. • • a handsome Georgian mansion often applies to superficial or insubstantial attractiveness. • • a painter of conventionally pretty scenes is like in suggesting what is coolly approved rather than emotionally responded to. • • the comely grace of a dancer suggests beauty because of purity, flawlessness, or freshness. • • fair of face. The skater performed a beautiful. Usage notes • The term carries a distinctly feminine aspect and is mostly not applied to men (in which case is more appropriate and ). • The comparatives and, and the superlatives and have also occasionally been used, but are nonstandard. Synonyms • ( possessing charm and attractive ):,,,,,,,, ( slang ),,,,, ( slang ) • ( of the weather ):,,,, • ( well executed ):,,,, /,,, • ( ironic: how unfortunate ):, /,, very nice, ( any of these can be prefixed with an such as, or ) • See also Antonyms • ( possessing charm and attractive ):,,,,,,; • ( of the weather ):,,,,,, • ( well executed ):,,,,,,, Derived terms. Watch full episodes of The Bold and The Beautiful, view video clips and browse photos on CBS.com. Join the conversation and connect with CBS 's The Bold and The. At Soaps.com, we offer the latest information on The Bold and the Beautiful, from information about the actors to News and Rumors. Story: From July, 1913 to the outbreak of World War I, a series of incidents take place in a German village. A horse trips on a wire and throws the rider; a woman falls to her death through rotted planks; the local baron's son is hung upside down in a mill; parents slap and bully their children; a man is cruel to his long-suffering lover; another sexually abuses his daughter. People disappear. A callow teacher, who courts a nanny in the baron's household, narrates the story and tries to investigate the connections among these accidents and crimes. Watch Das Wei Free Movies Online on Free Movies Cinema - Free Das Wei Movies links, Watch Tv Shows links online, Anime, Documentaries. From July, 1913 to the outbreak of World War I, a series of incidents take place in a German village. A horse trips on a wire and throws the rider; a woman falls to her death through rotted planks; the local baron's son is hung upside down in a mill; parents slap and bully their children; a man is cruel to his long-suffering lover;. Dawei Tong was born on February 3, 1979 in Fushun, Liaoning Province, China. He is an actor and producer. (as Da-Wei Tung) 2003 Fei chang lang man Xiaochin. Gong has a broad interest in the molecular and cellular mechanisms of endocrine and metabolism diseases. His main research focus is on obesity, diabetes and. Request (PDF)| Das wei e Haar alter.| There are various differences in the fine structure of hair, between older people and younger persons: the cuticle of hair in older people is thinner, the number of osmiophilic inclusions is reduced, and some of the cuticular cells have become fully keratinized. What is foreshadowed? Are the children holy innocents? God may be in His heaven, but all is not right with the world; the center cannot hold. About the Movie When mysterious spacecraft touch down across the globe, an elite team - led by expert translator Louise Banks (Academy Award® nominee Amy Adams) – races against time to decipher their intent. As tensions mount between fearful governments, Banks discovers the aliens’ true purpose and, to avert global war, takes a chance that could threaten her life, and quite possibly humanity. Oscar® nominee Jeremy Renner and Academy Award® winner Forest Whitaker co-star in this mesmerizing masterpiece with a mind-blowing ending. Nov 14, 2016. The director of “Arrival” is Denis Villeneuve, who is both a brooder and a tease. Anyone who saw “Prisoners” (2013), “Enemy” (2014), or “Sicario” (2015) will know how sparing he can be with facts, divulging them slowly as the tale gets under way. You have a clue what's going on, but no more than a clue,. Director: Actors: Genres: Country: Release Year: Duration: Synopsis: Man on the Moon is a biographical movie on the late comedian Andy Kaufman. Kaufman, along with his role on Taxi (1978), was famous for being the self-declared Intergender Wrestling Champion of the world. After beating women time and time again, Jerry Lawler (who plays himself in the movie), a professional wrestler, got tired of seeing all of this and decided to challenge Kaufman to a match. In most of the matches the two had, Lawler prevailed with the piledriver, which is a move by spiking an opponent head-first into the mat. One of the most famous moments in this feud was in the early 80s when Kaufman threw coffee on Lawler on Late Night with David Letterman (1982), got into fisticuffs with Lawler, and proceeded to sue NBC. Man on the Moon Lyrics: Mott the Hoople and the Game of Life / (Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah) / Andy Kaufman in the wrestling match / (Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah) / Monopoly. YOU ARE WATCHING: Man On The Moon. Astronauts Neil Armstrong, Mike Collins and Buzz Aldrin flew on the Apollo 11 mission. Image Credit: NASA It was 1961. Kennedy was the president of the United States. He wanted to land humans on the moon. The United States had just started trying to put people in space. Was NASA ready to go to the moon? The president and NASA knew they could do it. They were ready to put people on the moon. Apollo 11's mission was to land two men on the moon. They also had to come back to Earth safely. Apollo 11 blasted off on July 16, 1969. Neil Armstrong, Edwin 'Buzz' Aldrin and Michael Collins were the astronauts on Apollo 11. Four days later, Armstrong and Aldrin landed on the moon. They landed on the moon in the Lunar Module. It was called the Eagle. Collins stayed in orbit around the moon. He did experiments and took pictures. The sign the astronauts left on the moon says, 'Here men from the planet Earth first set foot upon the moon July 1969, A.D. We came in peace for all mankind.' Image Credit: NASA On July 20, 1969, Neil Armstrong became the first human to step on the moon. He and Aldrin walked around for three hours. They did experiments. They picked up bits of moon dirt and rocks. They put a U.S. Flag on the moon. They also left a sign on the moon. The two astronauts returned to orbit, joining Collins. On July 24, 1969, all three astronauts came back to Earth safely. President Kennedy's wish came true. It took less than 10 years. Humans had walked on the moon. |
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